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三种主要粮食作物的节水灌溉技术及其对产量和水分利用率的影响
引用本文:张耗,杨建昌. 三种主要粮食作物的节水灌溉技术及其对产量和水分利用率的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2016, 32(5): 67-280. DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.05.012
作者姓名:张耗  杨建昌
作者单位:扬州大学农学院/粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心,225009,江苏扬州
基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2012CB114306);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB150404);江苏省高校自然科学研究重大项目(15KJA210005);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目;扬州大学高端人才支持计划
摘    要:以三种主要粮食作物(水稻、小麦、玉米)为材料,设置常规灌溉(对照)和节水灌溉处理(水稻全生育期轻干湿交替灌溉技术、小麦控制土壤干旱灌溉技术、玉米控制低限土壤水分的分区交替灌溉技术),研究了节水灌溉技术对三种粮食作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,节水灌溉技术的产量增加了8.56%~9.23%,水分利用效率提高了25.00%~31.43%。节水灌溉技术显著降低了三种粮食作物叶片的蒸腾速率和着生角度,显著增加了弱势粒中脱落酸(ABA)与赤霉素(GA3)的比值(ABA/GA3)、茎中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和子粒中蔗糖合酶(SuS)活性、平均灌浆速率、茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的运转率以及收获指数,显著提高了水稻和小麦的分蘖成穗率。表明减少奢侈的蒸腾和无效分蘖冗余生长、改善冠层结构、促进物质运转和子粒库活性、提高收获指数是节水灌溉技术协同提高产量和水分利用效率的重要原因。

关 键 词:粮食作物  节水灌溉  产量  水分利用效率  
收稿时间:2016-05-18

Water-Saving Irrigation Techniques of Three Major Food Crops and Their Effects on Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency
Hao Zhang,Jianchang Yang. Water-Saving Irrigation Techniques of Three Major Food Crops and Their Effects on Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency[J]. Crops, 2016, 32(5): 67-280. DOI: 10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2016.05.012
Authors:Hao Zhang  Jianchang Yang
Affiliation:College of Agronomy/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,Jiangsu,China
Abstract:Three major food crops, rice, wheat and maize, were grown in field. Two treatments, conventional irrigation (control) and water-saving irrigation techniques, i.e., alternate wetting and moderate soil drying throughout the growing season in rice, controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat, and root partial and alternate irrigation in maize, were conducted. The effects of water-saving irrigation techniques on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of the three crops was investigated. The results showed that, compared with the control, the water-saving irrigation techniques increased grain yield by 8.56%~9.23% and water use efficiency by 25.00%~31.43%. The water-saving irrigation techniques significantly decreased transpiration rate and the angle of the top leaves, significantly increased the ratio of abscisic acid (ABA) to gibberellic acids (GA3) in inferior spikelets (ABA/GA3), activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in culms and sucrose synthase (SuS) in grains, average grain-filling rate, remobilization rate of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) in culms and harvest index of the three crops. The water-saving irrigation techniques could also significantly increase the percentage of productive tillers in rice and wheat. The results suggest that decreased luxurious transpiration and redundant growth of non-productive tillers, improved canopy structure, enhanced remobilization and sink activity, and increased harvest index would contribute to the increase in grain yield and WUE under the water-saving irrigation techniques.
Keywords:Food crops  Water-saving irrigation  Grain yield  Water use efficiency  
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