‘巨峰’葡萄不同生育期植株矿质元素需求规律

【目的】矿质元素的均衡供应是实现葡萄优质高效栽培的前提,研究‘巨峰’葡萄的矿质营养需求规律,为葡萄的合理施肥与精准施肥提供理论依据。【方法】本研究于2012—2018年连续7年在‘巨峰’葡萄的关键生育期进行整株取样,测定树体的各矿质元素含量,计算不同生育阶段各矿质元素的需求量与比例,研究葡萄的矿质营养需求规律。【结果】‘巨峰’葡萄在整个生长季不同生育阶段各矿质元素的需求规律有所差异。萌芽期至始花期对氮、钾、铁、锰、锌、钼的需求量均超过了全年总需求量的15%,磷、钙、镁、铜、硼的需求比率也均超过了10%。始花期至末花期,氮、铁、钼的需求比率均超过15%,磷、钾、钙、镁、锌的需求比率均超过10%。末花期至转色期,各矿质元素的需求比率分别为氮41.7%、磷47.44%、钾44.83%、钙45.88%、镁44.92%、铁39.75%、锰27.40%、锌30.28%、铜60.20%、硼38.72%、钼41.59%。转色期至采收期对钾、锰和硼的需求量较大,分别占比21.76%、22.19%和20.17%,其次磷、镁、钙、锌的需求比率分别为17.12%、16.76%、16.34%、14.72%,氮、铁、铜和钼的需求比率均低于10%。采收期至落叶期,锰和锌的需求比率分别为28.71%和23.57%,铁和硼的需求比率均超过15%,氮、钙、镁和钼的占比也均超过了10%,磷、钾和铜占比分别为9.72%、4.78%和8.69%。【结论】‘巨峰’葡萄施肥需要重视各生育阶段各种矿质养分的供给。生产1 000 kg果实各矿质元素的需求量为氮5.67 kg、磷2.37 kg、钾5.66 kg、钙5.70 kg、镁1.02 kg、铁153.45 g、锰53.14 g、锌36.25 g、铜7.28 g、硼41.84 g、钼0.47 g。‘巨峰’葡萄各矿质元素占干物质重的平均含量分别为氮0.92%、磷0.36%、钾0.66%、钙0.84%、镁0.15%、铁269.27 mg·kg ^-1、锰57.24 mg·kg ^-1、锌49.64 mg·kg ^-1、铜12.66 mg·kg ^-1、硼66.35 mg·kg ^-1、钼1.09 mg·kg ^-1。

Requirement Characteristics of Mineral Elements in Different Developmental Phases of Kyoho Grapevine

【Objective】 Balanced supply of mineral elements is the prerequisite for the high quality and efficient cultivation of grapes. This study was carried to investigate the mineral nutrient requirement of Kyoho grape, so as to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization and precise fertilization of grapes.【Method】 Kyoho was used as test material. The whole plant was sampled at different growth stages in 7 consecutive years from 2012 to 2018. The contents of mineral elements in tree were determined, and the demand and proportion of mineral elements in different growth stages were calculated. 【Result】The absorption of mineral elements in Kyoho grapes varied during different growth stages throughout the growing season. The demand for nitrogen, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and molybdenum from the germination to the initial flowering period exceeded 15% of the total annual demand, and the demand ratio of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper and boron also exceeded 10%. From the beginning of flowering to the end of flowering period, the demand ratio of nitrogen, iron and molybdenum exceeded 15%, and the demand ratio of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc exceeded 10%. From the end of flowering to the veraison stage, the demand ratio of each mineral element was 41.7% nitrogen, 47.44% phosphorus, 44.83% potassium, 45.88% calcium, 44.92% magnesium, 39.75% iron, 27.40% manganese, 30.28% zinc, 60.20% copper, 38.72% boron, and 41.59% molybdenum. The demand for potassium, manganese and boron from the veraison stage to the harvesting period was relatively large, accounting for 21.76%, 22.19% and 20.17%, respectively. And the demand ratios of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and zinc were 17.12%, 16.76%, 16.34% and 14.72%, respectively. While the demand ratio for nitrogen, iron, copper and molybdenum was less than 10%. During the harvesting period to the defoliation period, the demand ratios of manganese and zinc were 28.71% and 23.57%, respectively. The demand ratio of iron and boron exceeded 15%, and the proportion of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and molybdenum also exceeded 10%. Phosphorus, potassium and copper accounted for 9.72%, 4.78% and 8.69%, respectively.【Conclusion】It should be paid attention to the supply of mineral element at different developmental phases of grapevine. The demand for mineral elements in the production of 1 000 kg of fruit was nitrogen 5.67 kg, phosphorus 2.37 kg, potassium 5.66 kg, calcium 5.70 kg, magnesium 1.02 kg, iron 153.45 g, manganese 53.14 g, zinc 36.25 g, copper 7.28 g, boron 41.84 g and molybdenum 0.47 g. The average contents of mineral elements in dry matter weight were nitrogen 0.92%, phosphorus 0.36%, potassium 0.66%, calcium 0.84%, magnesium 0.15%, iron 269.27 mg·kg ^-1, manganese 57.24 mg·kg ^-1, zinc 49.64 mg·kg ^-1, copper 12.66 mg·kg ^-1, boron 66.35 mg·kg ^-1 and molybdenum1.09 mg·kg ^-1.