两种典型水稻土中秸秆碳转化的微生物过程

【目的】研究土壤中秸秆腐解速率、腐解过程中微生物群落结构变化和参与秸秆腐解的功能微生物群落组成,为揭示土壤有机质转化和积累的微生物学机制提供理论依据。【方法】以我国亚热带两种典型水稻土——常熟乌栅土和鹰潭红壤性水稻土为研究对象,设置不添加秸秆（CK）和添加 ¹³C标记的水稻秸秆（RS）处理,厌氧恒温培养38 d,在培养过程中定期测定气体释放量,研究秸秆矿化速率的动态变化;采集土壤样品,利用 ¹³C-PLFA-SIP技术分析参与秸秆降解的微生物群落的动态变化。【结果】培养前12 d,秸秆降解缓慢,此时秸秆对土壤有机质（SOM）产生正激发效应;培养12-18 d秸秆快速降解,18 d后趋缓。培养结束时,秸秆碳在红壤性水稻土和乌栅土中的矿化率分别为24%和33%。秸秆碳对CO₂和CH₄贡献率随培养时间的延长而增加,在培养末期分别为53%-60%和54%-57%。添加秸秆可以提高土壤微生物生物量及微生物活性,乌栅土微生物活性高于红壤性水稻土。16:0（一般细菌）是参与秸秆分解主要类群,i16:0和i15:0（G ⁺细菌）和18:1ω9c（真菌）也是参与秸秆分解的重要微生物类群。随培养时间增加,G ⁺细菌和放线菌的相对丰度增加,G ^-细菌呈降低趋势。红壤性水稻土和乌栅土PLFAs中标记利用秸秆碳的PLFAs的比例分别为27%-32%和18%-24%。真菌和一般细菌对秸秆碳的利用效率较高,而土壤原有有机质（SOM）矿化主要与G ^-和放线菌相关联。添加秸秆造成乌栅土和红壤性水稻土两种水稻土微生物群落结构呈现明显差异,但分解利用外源秸秆碳的微生物群落结构相似,而分解利用SOM微生物群落结构有差异。【结论】秸秆厌氧降解过程中秸秆碳的矿化滞后于土壤自身SOM;不同本底微生物活性和多样性是影响秸秆碳矿化速率的重要因素;添加秸秆后不同土壤微生物群落结构的差异主要是参与SOM降解的微生物差异,土壤原SOM是导致这种差异的重要因素。

Microbial Transformation Process of Straw-Derived C in Two Typical Paddy Soils

【Objective】 The straw degradation rate, microbial community structure changes and functional microbial community composition involved in straw decomposition in soils were researched, and the research results could provide the theoretical foundation for revealing microbial mechanism of the soil organic matter transformation and accumulation. 【Method】 Two typical subtropical paddy soil in China, including Changshu Wushan soil and Yingtan Red paddy soil, were collected as the research materials. We anaerobically incubated the soils with/without ¹³C-enriched rice straw for 38 days. Gaseous samples were regularly collected to investigate mineralization rate of straw in dynamic changes. The soil samples were collected to analyze the dynamic changes of the microbial community composition related to straw decomposition by using ¹³C-PLFA-SIP technology. 【Result】 At the early stage before day 12 of the anaerobic culture, straw degraded slowly, and straw had positive priming effect on soil organic matter (SOM). At the stage of day 12-18, straw degraded rapidly and then the rate tended to be slow after day 18. At the end of incubation, straw mineralization rate was 24% and 33% in Red paddy soil and Wushan soil, respectively. The contribution of straw C to C efflux increased with incubation time, which was 53%-60% and 54%-57% to CO₂ and CH₄ efflux, respectively. The microbial biomass and activity were improved in the soil with straw, and the microbial activity in Wushan soil was higher than that in Red paddy soil. During straw degradation, 16:0 (general bacteria) was the main groups. i16:0, i15:0 (G ⁺ bacteria) and 18:1ω9c (fungi) were also important microbial groups involved in straw degradation. The relative abundance of straw-derived gram-positive (G ⁺) bacteria and actinomycetes increased and gram-positive (G ^-) bacteria decreased with incubation time. The proportions of straw-derived PLFAs were 27%-32% and 18%-24% in Red paddy soil and Wushan soil PLFAs, respectively. The straw utilization efficiency was higher in fungi and general bacteria, while G ^- bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs were preferentially linked to extant soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization. The microbial community composition was different between Wushan soil and Red paddy soil with rice straw. The straw-derived microbial community composition was similar in two soils, but the SOM-derived microorganisms were differences. 【Conclusion】 The mineralization of straw C lagged behind extant SOM during anaerobic straw degradation. The microbial activity and diversity in soil were important factors influencing the efficiency of straw mineralization. After adding straw in soil, it’s showed differences from the microbial community composition, which were mainly involved in the differences between SOM-derived microorganisms, and SOM was an important factor leading to these differences.