不同耕作和秸秆还田下褐土真菌群落变化特征

【目的】研究华北平原地区小麦-玉米周年复种模式下不同耕作和秸秆还田方式对土壤真菌群落结构及功能的影响,并探索农田土壤肥力对耕作和秸秆还田方式响应差异的生物学机制,为优化耕作与秸秆还田方式和提高农田土壤肥力提供理论依据。【方法】本研究以华北平原小麦-玉米周年复种农田土壤为研究对象,采用Miseq高通量测序技术,结合FUNGuild真菌功能预测工具,分析3种耕作方式（免耕、深耕与旋耕）与两种秸秆还田方式（麦秸单季还田与小麦-玉米秸秆双季还田）定位试验条件下,小麦成熟期土壤真菌群落结构与功能的差异,结合土壤理化性质,进一步探究农田土壤真菌群落结构及功能变化的环境驱动因子。【结果】与免耕双季还田相比,深耕秸秆双季还田与深耕单季还田0—10 cm耕层土壤有机碳含量分别降低35.04%和44.30%;免耕秸秆单季还田10—20 cm耕层土壤中碱解氮含量显著低于其他处理。农田土壤0—10 cm土层真菌主要包含子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota),相对丰度分别为68.98%、16.96%和1.62%;10—20 cm土层真菌主要包含子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),相对丰度分别为68.44%、15.52%、1.51%和1.23%。不同处理土壤真菌群落结构存在差异,与秸秆单季还田相比,秸秆双季还田0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度分别提高了50.07%和29.08%。进一步分析土壤群落结构发生变化的原因,结果显示0—10 cm土层土壤真菌群落多元回归树第一次分割以土壤有机碳为节点,其阈值为11.17 g·kg ^-1,旋耕双季还田和免耕双季还田与其他处理分离;10—20 cm土层土壤真菌群落多元回归树第一次分割以碱解氮为节点,其阈值为6.52 mg·kg ^-1,免耕单季还田与其他处理分离。从营养类型看,各处理0—10 cm（26.84%）和10—20 cm（23.91%）土层土壤真菌均以病理营养型为主;与免耕相比,深耕和旋耕处理0—10 cm土层病理营养型真菌相对丰度分别显著降低25.16%和16.45%,且以深耕单季还田最低。病理营养型真菌相对丰度与土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量均呈显著正相关关系。【结论】不同耕作与秸秆还田方式改变了农田土壤真菌群落结构及功能,土壤有机碳和碱解氮的改变是影响真菌群落组成的主要因素;深耕能够降低秸秆还田后土壤病理营养型真菌相对丰度,利于保持农田土壤生态系统健康。

Response of Fungal Community and Function to Different Tillage and Straw Returning Methods

【Objective】 This study was conducted to explore the change of fungal community structure and function response to different tillage and straw returning methods in wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain. It aimed to clarify the biological mechanism of soil fertility improvement, which provided a theoretical support for sustainable development for agricultural production. 【Method】 A six-year field study with split plot design was conducted to investigate the effects of different soil tillage methods (no tillage, CT; deep tillage, DT; rotation tillage, ST) and straw returning methods (wheat and maize straws were returned to the field, DS; only wheat straw was returned to the field, SS) on changes of fungal community structure and function in soils from wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain. In combination with soil properties, multiple regression trees and correlation analysis was carried out to investigate driving factors of fungal community structure and function in soil．【Result】 The results showed that, compared with NT, soil organic carbon content under DS and SS were reduced by 35.04% and 44.30% in 0-10 cm layer, respectively. The available nitrogen of NT under SS treatment was significantly lower than that under other treatments in 10-20 cm layer. Ascomycetes (68.98%), Basidiomycetes (16.96%) and Chytridiomycetes (1.62%) were the dominant fungus in 0-10 cm layer, while Ascomycetes (68.44%), Basidiomycetes (15.52%), Chytridiomycetes (1.51%) and Coccidiomycetes (1.23%) were the dominant fungus in 10-20 cm layer. The different tillage and straw returning methods changed soil fungal community structure. Specifically, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota in DS increased 50.07% and 29.08% respectively in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers than that of SS. The multiple regression trees showed that soil fungal communities were divided into soil organic carbon nodes with a threshold of 11.17 mg·kg ^-1 in 0-10 cm layer, additionally, the soil fungi community were divided into available nitrogen nodes with a threshold of 6.52 mg·kg ^-1 in 10-20 cm layer. In this study, Pathotroph was mainly function type of soil fungi in 0-10 cm (26.84%) and 10-20 cm (23.91%) layers in wheat-maize rotation in the North China Plain. Compared with NT, Pathotroph relative abundance under DT and RT treatments were reduced by 25.16% and 16.45%, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that Pathotroph relative abundance were positively correlated with soil total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium. 【Conclusion】 In general, our results indicated that different tillage and straw returning methods changed soil fungal community structure and relative abundance of functional groups. The content of soil organic carbon and available nitrogen were the driving factors shaped the fungal community structure. Besides, DT could reduce Pathotroph relative abundance, which was conducive to maintaining the soil ecosystem health.