Studies into the differential activity of the hydroxybenzonitrile herbicides: II. Uptake,movement and metabolism in two contrasting species |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122413, India;2. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Alfara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indra Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, 122502, Haryana, India;5. Molecular Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India;1. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan;2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan;3. Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan;4. Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan;1. Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;2. Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan;3. Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan;1. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;2. Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen D-35392, Germany;1. Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China;2. Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China;3. School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China;4. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China;5. Department of Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China;1. Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea;2. Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea;7. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea;8. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41405, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Uptake, movement, and metabolism of unformulated ioxynil and bromoxynil salts were investigated in Matricaria inodora and Viola arvensis. The morphology of these two species did not give rise to different spray retention and contact angles. After 7 days, uptake of 14C]ioxynil-Na reached 8.26% of applied 14C activity in M. inodora and 16.77% of that in V. arvensis compared with 1.54 and 3.83%, respectively, for 14C]bromoxynil-K. Over 98% of the 14C activity detected in the plant after 7 days remained in the treated leaves of V. arvensis following 14C]ioxynil-Na treatment. However, 8.7% of the 14C activity detected in 14C]ioxynil-Na-treated M. inodora was recovered from the apex and developing leaves reflecting a greater translocation. 14C]Bromoxynil-K was more mobile in both species and after 7 days 87.5 and 91.39% were detected in the treated leaves of M. inodora and V. arvensis, respectively. In both species the majority of translocated 14C activity was recovered from the apex and developing leaves. Up to 20% of the applied 14C]ioxynil-Na and 14C]bromoxynil-K was not detected within the treated plant. Extraction of treated plants revealed no detectable metabolic breakdown of ioxynil-Na to halogenated derivatives in either species. However, metabolic breakdown of bromoxynil-K was apparent in V. arvensis. No significant root exudation was detected when 14C]ioxynil-Na and 14C]bromoxynil-K were applied to hydroponically grown S. media and V. arvensis. Losses of 14C activity were due to herbicide volatility or degradation to volatile products on the leaf surface. |
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