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Survey of ophthalmic disorders among captive pinnipeds in Japan
Authors:Misato NAKAMURA  Marin MATSUSHIRO  Masatoshi TSUNOKAWA  Seiya MAEHARA  Takanori KOORIYAMA
Institution:1)Laboratory of Companion Animal Behavior and Wildlife Ecology, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan;2)Otaru aquarium, 3-303 Shukutsu, Otaru-shi, Hokkaido 047-0047, Japan;3)Veterinary Ophthalmology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
Abstract:Pinnipeds have evolved enlarged ocular bulbs to catch fish in the dark. However, their large protruding eyes are easily damaged, which increases the risk of blindness and death in these animals. In captivity, ophthalmic disorders, manifested as keratitis and cataracts, are common among pinnipeds. In this study, we investigated symptoms of ophthalmic disorders in pinniped species using a questionnaire distributed to 32 zoos and aquariums throughout Japan. We conducted this study in cooperation with the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The survey included 295 pinnipeds from four otariid species, five phocid species, and one odobenid species. Of these, 43.1% of the pinnipeds had diseases affecting the lens, cornea, and/or other eye parts. Age was positively associated with lens disorders in California sea lions, South American sea lions, and spotted seals. Conflicts and public appearances were also associated with corneal and/or lens disorders in California sea lions. Treatments were evaluated as effective for corneal disorders and conjunctivitis. The results of this study indicate that ophthalmic disorders in pinnipeds are related to the conditions of their captive environment. Aquariums and zoos should be encouraged to share information regarding optimal maintenance practices to improve the living conditions of pinnipeds.
Keywords:aquarium  eye disease  pinniped  survey  zoo
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