土壤侵蚀因素对紫色丘陵区坡耕地耕层质量影响

土壤侵蚀是导致坡耕地耕层土壤质量退化和土壤生产力不稳定的关键因素。该文以紫色丘陵区坡耕地为例,对坡耕地不同地力等级耕层土壤质量、渗透性能及耕层类型进行聚类分析,讨论了土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层厚度影响及合理耕层土体构型。结果表明:(1)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量具有中等程度变异性,有效土层厚度(15~80 cm)和耕层厚度(15~25 cm)变异系数分别为12.18%和37.26%,土壤有效磷变异系数可达94.51%,说明土壤物理指标变异性小于化学指标变化;三级以下地力耕层构型为近似全虚或全实剖面结构,五等地力坡耕地产量下降50%左右。(2)紫色土坡耕地不同坡位、不同垂直深度的耕层土壤物理性质、持水性能及耕作性能差异显著(P0.05),土壤容重为上坡下坡中坡,土壤抗剪强度为上坡中坡下坡,土壤稳定入渗为下坡中坡上坡,土壤贯入阻力表现为中坡上坡下坡;除土壤入渗外,土壤容重、抗剪强度、贯入阻力均表现为底土层心土层耕层;坡耕地0~40 cm土层中蓄存降水可被农作物利用70%左右。(3)中度侵蚀程度坡耕地,年均耕层厚度薄化值为1.04~3.04 mm,坡耕地合理耕层建立可选择有效土层厚度、耕层厚度、土壤容重、土壤抗剪强度、土壤有机质、土壤渗透性为坡耕地合理耕层评价最小数据集,耕层构型总体保持上虚下实型、耕层厚度20~25 cm、有效土层厚度50~60 cm。(4)紫色土坡耕地可分为四种耕层类型,其障碍耕层主要表现为有效土层厚度限制型(第II类)、耕层厚度限制型(第III类)和土壤养分限制型(第IV类),分别占耕层总量30%、10%、3%;紫色土坡耕地合理耕层建立应重点关注有效土层厚度和耕层厚度调控。研究结果可为客观认识土壤侵蚀与紫色土坡耕地耕层退化关系、合理耕层构建提供理论依据和技术参数支持。

Effects of soil erosion factors on cultivated-layer quality of slope farmland in purple hilly area

Abstract: Cultivated layer soil quality is highly sensitive to both soil erosion and artificial farming tillage in Purple Hilly Area. Soil erosion is a key factor that causes soil degradation and soil productivity instability of cultivated layer for slope farmland. Taking slope farmland in Purple Hilly Area as an example, this paper has conducted cluster analysis on soil quality, permeability and cultivated layer type of slope farmland with different land productivity grades, and further discussed the effect of soil erosion on thickness of cultivated layer and the soil body configuration with reasonable cultivated layers of slope farmland. Results indicated that: (1) The soil quality of cultivated layer for purple soil slope farmland presented a moderate variability, the variation coefficients were 12.18% and 37.26% for the effective soil layer thickness (15-80 cm) and the cultivated layer thickness (15-25 cm), respectively, and the variation coefficient was 94.51% for the soil available phosphorus, indicating that the variability of soil physical properties was weaker than that of chemical properties. The cultivated layer configuration below the third grade of land productivity was almost full virtual or full real profile structures, and meanwhile, the production of slope farmland with the fifth grade of land productivity fell by about 50%. (2) There were significant (P<0.05) differences in soil physical properties, water-retention properties and tillage performances of cultivated layer at different slope position and different vertical depth of purple soil slope farmland, in which the soil bulk density showed upper slope > lower slope > middle slope, and soil shear strength showed upper slope > middle slope > lower slope, the soil stable infiltration rate showed the contrary order, and the soil penetration resistance was middle slope > upper slope > lower slope. The soil bulk density, shear strength and penetration resistance all presented bottom soil layer > subsoil layer > cultivated layer except soil infiltration; about 70% of the rain stored in 0-40 cm soil layer of slope farmland could be used by crops. (3) The average annual thinning of cultivated layer thickness varied between 1.04 and 3.04 mm for the moderate erosion degree of slope farmland. The reasonable cultivated layer of slope farmland could be established effectively by regulating such means as the minimum data set (MDS), which included soil layer thickness, cultivated layer thickness, soil bulk density, soil shear strength, soil organic matter and soil infiltration capacity for evaluating the cultivated layer soil quality of slope farmland, and moreover, the reasonable cultivated layer configuration overall should maintain the type of upper part loose and lower part tight, the cultivated layer thickness of 20-25 cm and the effective soil layer thickness of 50-60 cm. (4) Purple soil slope farmland could be divided into 4 kinds of cultivated layer types, whose obstacle cultivated layer was mainly manifested as the effective soil layer thickness restricted type (Class II), the cultivated layer thickness restricted type (Class III) and the soil nutrients restricted type (Class IV), accounting for 30%, 10% and 3% of total cultivated layer, respectively; so the regulating of reasonable cultivated layer of purple soil slope farmland should focus on effective soil layer thickness and cultivated layer thickness. These results can not only deepen the objective understanding of relationship between soil erosion and cultivated layer degradation but provide some essential parameters and technical supports for constructing reasonable cultivated layer of slope farmland in Purple Hilly Area.