甜菜氮肥的合理施用

综述文献关于氮肥对甜菜的生长、吸收分配规律、生理生化及产质量的影响可知,甜菜生长需要多种营养元素,其中氮素尤为重要,不合理施用氮肥对甜菜的产质量带来很多负面影响;造成资源浪费、环境污染,影响人类健康。提出合理施氮、用氮的途径与策略:第一,因地、因品种、因时制宜,根据测土资料及不同甜菜基因型差异确定施肥种类、配比;根据作物不同生长时期的需肥规律及不同生态条件需要,按需供肥。第二,肥要在水的作用下才能发挥作用、才能更好发挥作用,区域配肥技术与灌溉技术相结合的水肥一体化精准精细灌水施肥技术是甜菜生产高效用肥的必然发展趋势。第三,作物不同养分间具有协同和相互影响作用,因此根据同等重要原则应有机配比。第四,为了提高肥效及利用率,施用缓控释肥,有机无机肥配施,施用微生物肥、生态肥等发挥微生物的促进、协同作用。第五,常规育种与转基因技术结合培育氮素养分高效利用品种。第六,利用现代监测技术手段及应用甜菜生长模型尤其是CERES-Beet模型监测氮等养分的转化、吸收等动态。

Discussion on Rational Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Sugar Beet

The paper reviews the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth,absorption and distribution,physiological and biochemical,yield and quality of sugar beet and the environment.The unreasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer has many negative effects on the yield and quality of the sugar beet,results in the wastes of resource,the pollution of environment,and the adverse effects on human health.The method and strategy of rational application and absorption of nitrogen fertilizer were put forward:first,consider the differences in soil,varieties and time in applying nitrogen fertilizer due to their relatively differences in response to the fertilizer;second,fertilizer plays its role with the aiding by water,water and fertilizer integration,combined with partial fertilizer distribution technology and irrigation technology,precision fine irrigation-fertilization technology is the inevitable development trend of sugar beet production for high efficiency fertilizer;third,there is a synergy and interaction between different nutrients of crops,so rational proportion should be made by the principle of equal importance;Fourth,in order to improve the efficiency and utilization of fertilizer,combined application with organic and inorganic fertilizer,and assisted microbial fertilizer,ecological fertilizer to play the role of microbial promotion;fifth,the conventional breeding and the transgenic technology are combined to breed beet variety of high-efficiency utilization for nitrogen nutrient,and the sixth,the use of modern monitoring technology,method and application of the sugar beet growth model,especially the CERES-Beet model,are used to monitor the transformation and absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen.