“烟草-水稻”轮作模式耦合养鸡养鱼的技术要点

烟草是我国重要的经济作物。连作种植作为烟草的主要栽培方式，具有节省劳力、劳作时间、生产成本等优势，但烟草长期采用连作会导致土传病虫害增多、杂草群落较为单一、土壤肥力和微量元素下降等诸多问题，降低了烤烟产量和烟叶品质；加上烟草连作中烟叶采收后，农田基本处于闲置状态，造成土地资源浪费，加重了烟粮争地的矛盾，导致烟农收入减少。针对烟草连作栽培所出现的问题，笔者提出了“烟草-水稻”轮作耦合养鸡养鱼的综合种植与养殖模式。该模式在烤烟采收后，将水稻直接种植在烟垄的两侧，实现烟垄免耕，节省了水稻生产成本。水稻种植后，垄肩保持湿润无水，便于鸡捕食等活动，垄沟灌水便于水稻生长和养鱼，通过鸡鱼在稻田活动可防控田间病虫草害，鸡鱼粪便可培肥土壤，利于降低农药和肥料用量，进而改善农田生态环境，产出优质的稻米、鸡和鱼等农产品，显著提高稻作经济效益，并实现烟田土壤改良和烟农收入增加的双重目标。本文结合“烟草-水稻”轮作耦合养鸡养鱼的具体实施情况，论述了该模式的技术要点、综合效益和发展展望等，以期为“烟草-水稻”轮作下开展养殖提供技术借鉴。

Technical Points of Tobacco-rice Rotation Mode Coupling Chicken and Fish Culture

Tobacco is an important economic crop in China. Continuous cropping, as the main cultivation method of tobacco, had the advantages of saving labor, labor time and production cost. However, long-term continuous cropping of tobacco would increase soil-borne diseases and insect pests, single weed community, decrease soil fertility and trace elements, and reduce the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. In addition, after the harvest of tobacco leaves in tobacco continuous cropping, the farmland was basically idle, resulting in a waste of land resources, aggravating the contradiction between tobacco and grain competition for land, and reducing the income of tobacco farmers. In view of the problems in tobacco continuous cropping cultivation, a comprehensive planting and breeding model of tobacco-rice rotation coupled with chicken and fish farming was proposed. In this mode, after the flue-cured tobacco is harvested, the rice was directly planted on both sides of the tobacco ridge, which realized no-tillage of the tobacco ridge and saved the cost of rice production. After the rice is planted, the shoulders of the ridges are kept moist and anhydrous, which is convenient for chickens to prey and move, and the ridge furrow is irrigated to facilitate the growth of rice and fish farming. Through the activities of chicken and fish in the rice field, diseases, pests and weeds in the field could be prevented and controlled, and the feces of chicken and fish could enrich the soil, which was conducive to reducing the amount of pesticides and fertilizers, thereby improving the farmland ecological environment, producing high-quality agricultural products such as rice, chicken and fish, significantly improving the economic benefits of rice planting, and achieving the dual goals of soil improvement in tobacco fields and income increase of tobacco farmers. In this paper, combined with the specific implementation of post-tobacco-rice rotation coupled chicken and fish farming, the technical points, comprehensive benefits and development prospects of the mode were discussed, in order to provide technical reference for the development of breeding under tobacco-rice rotation.