Swimming behaviour of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) on natural fishing grounds as observed by an underwater video camera

Swimming behaviour of winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) was recorded near baited hooks on natural fishing grounds using an underwater video camera. Winter flounder were observed to stay on or very close to the seabed, never rising to more than 0.6 m off bottom during 1 month of observation. Winter flounder were recorded to take bait actively at temperatures as low as ?1.2 °C. Movement of winter flounder was characterised by a period of swimming off seabed followed by a period of resting on the seabed. The proportion of time swimming off seabed as opposed to resting on the seabed was positively related to water temperature. Flounder spent an average of 32% of time in swimming when at ?1.2 °C compared with 67% when at 4.4 °C. Voluntary swimming speed of the flounder during the period of swimming was lower at lower temperatures. An average swimming speed of 0.52 body lengths per second (L s^?1) at ?1.2 °C was recorded compared with 0.95 L s^?1 at 4.4 °C. Overall rate of movement was reduced by three-fold when water temperature fell from 4.4 to ?1.2 °C. The reduced rate of movement at lower temperatures is discussed in relation to potential fishing area of fixed fishing gears such as gillnets.