西北典型区域旱地冬小麦农户施肥调查分析

为明确我国西北旱地小麦施肥现状，在西北旱地冬小麦典型种植区选取3个区/县连续4年进行农户养分投入调查。调查结果分析表明， 调查区域小麦产量低而不稳；氮肥投入农户31.7%适中、 21.0%偏高、 41.9%很高、 1.7%偏低、 3.7%很低；10.6%的农户磷肥投入量适中，偏低和很低的分别占41.7%和9.6%，偏高和很高的占28.3%和9.8%；钾肥投入量适中的农户占1.5%，偏低的2.1%，很低的88.3%，偏高的2.9%，很高的5.2%。氮、 磷、 钾肥的偏生产力（PFP）分别为21.7、 36.2和88.9 kg/kg。在肥料投入总量中有机肥分别占氮肥总量的3.1%，磷肥总量的2.3%，钾肥总量的53.8%。作基肥投入的氮肥占96.2%，磷肥占100%，钾肥占100%。显然，氮肥施用过量，磷肥偏多和不足并存，钾肥重视不足， 化肥偏多、 有机肥偏少， 基肥偏多、 追肥偏少问题是目前西北旱地小麦养分投入中存在的主要问题。

Investigation and analysis of dryland winter wheat fertilizer application in northwest typical areas

In order to define farmer nutrients resource application status for winter wheat in northwest dryland areas, continuous nutrients resource application investigation and analysis were carried out in 3 counties of northwest typical areas. The obtained results from 4 investigation seasons show that winter wheat yields are low and unstable. About 31.7 percent of average pure N applying amount is suitable, 1.7 percent is low, 3.7 percent is the lowest, 21.0 percent is high and 41.9 percent is the highest. For phosphate fertilizer applications, 10.6 percent farmer applying amount is suitable, 41.7 percent is low, 9.6 percent is the lowest, 28.3 percent is high and 9.8 percent is the highest. For potassium fertilizer applications, 1.5 percent farmer applying amount is suitable, 2.1 percent is low, 88.3 percent is the lowest, 2.9 percent is high and 5.2 percent is the highest. The PFP values of pure N, P2O5 and K2O are 21.7 kg/kg, 36.2 kg/kg and 88.9 kg/kg respectively. Organic nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrients account for 3.1%, 2.3% and 53.8% of the total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrients resource applications. Nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrients as base dressing account for 96.2%, 100% and 100% of total nitrogen, phosphate and potassium nutrients resource applications. Problems of the farmer nutrients resource applications are the nitrogen fertilizer applications are much more than necessary, the average phosphate fertilizer applying amount is reasonable but the excessive and insufficient amounts coexist, the potassium fertilizer applications are not fully recognized. Main nutrients resource of farmer using for winter wheat are chemical fertilizer, and organic manure is the supplementary. Large amounts of fertilizers are applied as base fertilization, and topdressing amounts are the supplementary.