全面二孩政策下儿童照料可及性与女性劳动供给行为研究——来自1506份调查数据的实证

国内1 506份关于正式和非正式儿童照料可及性对女性劳动参与、工作小时及工资水平的影响调查数据显示：正式照料每十万人口平均在校生人数增加一千人,女性劳动参与率增加0.8%,但是对工作小时和工资水平的影响并不显著。有祖父母帮忙照料比没有祖父母帮忙照料的女性其劳动参与概率将增加9.8%,每周工作增加3.39个小时,每月工资提高7.5%。要提供令人满意的平衡生育和就业的制度机制,公共政策除了提高3岁以下儿童照料服务供给外,还应注重提高地方儿童照料设施的质量和弹性,促进3岁以下儿童家外照料观念的转变,避免产生非正式照料对3岁以下儿童照料市场服务的“挤压效应”。此外,鼓励男性参与儿童照料,积极构建政府、单位、社区、家庭“四位一体”的综合儿童照料体系。

Child Care Availability and Women Labor Supply under the Background of Second-child Policy: An Empirical Study Based on 1,506 Survey Data

Based on 1,506 survey data over the country, this paper studies the impact of child care availability on women''s labor participation, working hours and wage level. There results show that in a population of one hundred thousand, for every one thousand students, women''s labor participation increases by 0.8%, but the impact on their working hours and wage level is not obvious. The women with father-in-law or mother-law helping them take care of children are 9.8% more than those without, and they work 3.39 hours more per week and get a 7.5% pay rise per month. To provide a satisfactory mechanism that can balance fertility and employment, public policies should pay attention to, apart from the child care service supply for children under 3 years old, improving the quality and flexibility of local child care facilities, promoting the change of the concept of out-of-home care for these children, and avoiding the "squeeze effect" of informal care on the market service for these children. In addition, men should be encouraged to participate in the child care, and the construction of a "four in one" comprehensive child care system featuring government, work unit, community and family is also needed.