养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响

为探究养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米生理特性的影响,于2019年6月—10月在河南省鹤壁市、新乡市两地同步开展肥效田间试验,设置农户施肥(FP)、经验施肥(ST)、养分专家推荐施肥(NE)、在NE基础上施用缓控释肥(RNE,50％包膜氮肥,施肥量同NE)、在NE基础上不施氮肥(NE-N)、在NE基础上不施磷肥(NE-P)、在NE基础上不施钾肥(NE-K)共7个处理.以夏玉米浚单22为试验品种,于关键生育时期测试叶片叶绿素、冠层光合有效辐射、光合速率和叶片解剖结构,并于成熟期测定产量,分析计算肥料利用特征,研究不同施肥措施对夏玉米产量和光合生理特性的影响.结果 表明:基于养分专家系统的推荐施肥(NE、RNE)处理较肥料减施状态下(NE-N、NE-P、NE-K)处理分别增产28.69％、23.23％、22.89％,较FP平均增产16.62％、11.40％.氮、磷、钾合理施用有效降低叶片胞间CO2浓度、提高净光合速率,并且对叶片解剖结构和叶绿素含量具有积极影响,光合有效辐射分量在夏玉米整个生育期内对产量的影响较大.进一步研究表明,NE处理氮、磷、钾肥料利用率平均为29.63％、15.23％、40.55％,肥料农学效率分别是11.95、22.59、24.49 kg?kg-1.综上可知,氮磷钾合理施肥显著改善夏玉米生育期叶片的光合性能,提升肥料利用率,促进干物质的合成,提高了夏玉米产量.

Effects of nutrient expert recommended fertilization on the physiological characteristics and yield of summer maize

This study was designed to investigate the effect of the Nutrient Expert system on the physiological characteristics of summer maize with the aim of providing a reference for its popularization and application. Field experiments were conducted during the June to October 2019 growing period at sites in Hebi and Xinxiang cites in Henan Province. There were seven treatments including farmer practice (FP), local official recommended fertilization(ST), Nutrient Expert system recommend fertilization(NE), Nutrient Expert system recommend fertilization with controlled-release N fertilizer(RNE), eliminating N, P or K from the NE treatment(NE-N, NE-P and NE-K). We used Xundan 22(maize)to study the effects of the Nutrient Expert system and evaluated the chlorophyll content, photosynthetically active radiation, photosynthetic characteristics, leaf anatomical structure, and yield in mature crops. These results were then used to determine the effect of the fertilizer, fertilization rate and fertilization site on the yield and photosynthetic characteristics of the summer maize. The results showed that fertilization improved the yield of the summer maize. Compared with NE-N, NE-P and NE-K, the Nutrient Expert system recommend fertilization(NE, RNE) increased the summer maize yields by 28.69%, 23.23%, 22.89%, respectively. Compared with the FP control, the average yield was increased by 16.62% and 11.40%, when using NE or RNE, respectively. Fertilizer application recommended by the Nutrient Expert system optimized the ratio of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer, effectively reduced intercellular CO₂ concentration, and increased the net photosynthetic rate of these plants which might exert a positive effect on the anatomical structure and chlorophyll content of the leaves. In addition, the effect of fraction of photosynthetically active radiation on the whole growth of summer maize was also higher in these plants. Moreover, the NE treatment increased the fertilizer use efficiency of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O, achieving 29.63%, 15.23% and 40.55%, respectively with these mixes recording an agronomic efficiency of 11.95, 22.59, 24.49 kg·kg^-1 respectively. In general, following the recommendations of the Nutrient Expert system significantly improved the photosynthetic characteristics of the leaves, improved the fertilizer utilization efficiency, promoted dry matter production and increased the yield of summer maize.