Three-component model of runoff generation,Lysina catchment,Czech Republic

The forested Lysina catchment is situated in an area very susceptible to acid deposition. The stream water is characterized by extremely high concentrations of total dissolved Al (volume weighted mean 66 Μmol L^?1) and H⁺ (average pH=3.87). In a simple two-component model, the surface runoff component contributes only 6% of runoff in winter and 4% of runoff in summer. During flood episodes, the direct runoff contributes up to 20% of streamflow. There is a strong positive correlation between stream acidity and stream discharge. The observed exponential increase in streamwater acidity with discharge during high flow periods cannot be explained by the simple two-component model. A three-component model used for hydrograph separation is based on chemical and¹⁸O analysis of precipitation, soil water and runoff. It incorporates a soil water component along with groundwater and rainfall components in streamwater generation. Dissociated organic acids leached during the flow of water through the uppermost soil horizon help to balance an apparent anion deficit. The apparent anion deficit was found to increase exponentially with flow rate. Low variability in streamwaterδ ¹⁸O corresponds to a high contribution of indirect components (i.e., soil and ground water) in the runoff. The soil water contribution to indirect runoff calculated from the apparent anion deficit of streamwater, varied from 0 at base flow up to 80% during floods. On average, 40% of the streamwater is derived from soil water (from 31 to 39% in winter and from 47 to 54% in summer).