Fire fighting truck-based emergency mosquito biolarviciding to prevent outbreaks of malaria and arboviral disease in Kabul, Afghanistan |
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Authors: | M K Faulde J J Scharninghausen M Tisch |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Medical Entomology/Zoology, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service, PO Box 7340, 56065 Koblenz, Germany;(2) Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Bundeswehr Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany;(3) College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA |
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Abstract: | Emergency control of disease vectors requires high efficacy, rapid reaction and safe use of biocides in order interrupt transmission
cycles without harming humans, non-target animals and the environment. In countries with complex emergencies, air-borne large-scale
vector control is often limited, or impossible, due to questionable security as well as military, safety, equipment, or logistical
constraints. While facing a potential outbreak of malaria and dengue fever in the Kabul area, Afghanistan, combined with high
abundance of anopheline and Culex mosquitoes, emergency mosquito larvae control with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and methoprene were carried out. For the first time, larvicides were applied by using a modern fire fighting truck
in combination with aerial imaging of potential breeding sites. Three treatments with 0.07 g a.i. sterilized, water-dispersible
granular (WDG) Bti/m2 in combination with 0.0014 g a.i. methoprene/m2, or 0.07 g a.i. Bti/m2 alone, were conducted on July 29, August 29, and September 28, 2004, and significantly reduced larval indexes of 96.5 (P < 0.0001), 96.7 (P < 0.0001), and 97.6% (P < 0.0001) against anopheline, and 98.2 (P < 0.0001), 95.6 (P < 0.0001), and 96.2% (P < 0.0001) against Culex larvae, respectively. Before the larviciding campaigns started, up to 222.4 ± 32.0 mosquitoes were captured per standardized
light trap per night. During May until October 2004, the following anopheline and Culex species were abundant: A. superpictus (29.3%), A. fluviatilis (17.0%), C. pipiens (15.2%), and C. pseudovishnui (38.5%). After biolarviciding, abundance of adult mosquitoes, as measured by light trap catches 20 days post-treatment, decreased
significantly in Anopheles at 81.4 (P < 0.0001), 87.1 (P < 0.0001), and 78.2% (P = 0.01), and in part significantly in Culex for 75.2 (P < 0.0001), 78.3 (P < 0.0001), and 30.8% (P = 0.463), respectively. After the treatment, mosquito-associated annoyance complaints and disease transmission decreased
markedly, and not a single confirmed case of malaria or arbovirosis was reported. It is concluded that biolarviciding using
a fire fighting truck as the application device is a highly successful, rapid, and cost-effective method to control vector
mosquito larvae, and to reduce human exposure to mosquito-borne diseases during complex emergency situations. |
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Keywords: | Anopheles superpictus Anopheles fluviatilis Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis Culex spp Biolarviciding Vector control Methoprene Mosquito larvae control |
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