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Rhizobacteria-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance: Triggering, Signalling and Expression
Authors:Corné MJ Pieterse  Johan A Van Pelt  Saskia CM Van Wees  Jurriaan Ton  Karen M Léon-Kloosterziel  Joost JB Keurentjes  Bas WM Verhagen  Marga Knoester  Ientse Van der Sluis  Peter AHM Bakker  LC Van Loon
Institution:(1) Section of Phytopathology, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands;(2) Present address: Novartis Agricultural Discovery Institute, Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;(3) Present address: Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract:Selected strains of rhizosphere bacteria reduce disease by activating a resistance mechanism in the plant named rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR). Rhizobacteria-mediated ISR resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in that both types of induced resistance render uninfected plant parts more resistant towards a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. Some rhizobacteria trigger the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent SAR pathway by producing SA at the root surface. In other cases, rhizobacteria trigger a different signalling pathway that does not require SA. The existence of a SA-independent ISR pathway has been demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to pathogen-induced SAR, ISR induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r is independent of SA accumulation and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene activation but, instead, requires responsiveness to the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene. Mutant analyses showed that ISR follows a novel signalling pathway in which components from the JA and ethylene response are successively engaged to trigger a defensive state that, like SAR, is controlled by the regulatory factor NPR1. Interestingly, simultaneous activation of both the JA/ethylene-dependent ISR pathway and the SA-dependent SAR pathway results in an enhanced level of protection. Thus combining both types of induced resistance provides an attractive tool for the improvement of disease control. This review focuses on the current status of our research on triggering, signalling, and expression of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR in Arabidopsis.
Keywords:Arabidopsis  biological control  defence signalling  ethylene  jasmonic acid  salicylic acid
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