宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应，2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集，通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性，并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明，共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头，物种数分别有27种和24种；温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多，蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种，数量分别为432头和1682头；温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少，蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种，数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种，天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中，还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中，其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原；草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系，与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系；短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系，白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量，菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系，与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。

Diversity of Grassland Grasshoppers and Responses to Environmental Factors in Ningxia

This study is aimed to clarify the grasshopper species composition, diversity and responses to biotic and non-biotic factors such as natural enemies, vegetation, soil and climate in four important grasslands in Ningxia. The grasslands are temperate meadow grassland, temperate grassland, temperate desert grassland, and temperate steppe desert. The diversity of grasshoppers, natural enemies and insects were analyzed through the number of species, the number of individuals, the diversity index, the dominance index, the richness index, and the uniformity index. The responses of the dominant species and diversity of grassland locusts to the biotic and non-biotic factors, such as natural enemies, vegetation, soil, and climate were further analyzed. The results showed that the individuals of grassland locusts and natural enemies collected and identified were 743 and 3592, respectively, and species were 27 and 24, respectively. The species and individuals of locusts and natural enemies occurred on temperate grassland were the most, with species number of 23 and 21 and population size of 432 and 1682, respectively. The number of species and population size of locusts and natural enemies were the least in temperate steppe deserts, with 8 and 7 species for locusts and natural enemies, respectively, and individuals of 34 and 132 for locusts and natural enemies, respectively. The dominant species of locusts are Chorthippus albonemus, Calliptamus abbreviatus and Oedaleus asiaticus. The dominant natural enemy species are Pterostichus gebleri, Carabus brandti and Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis. The richness indexes of temperate grassland were significantly higher than those of the other three types in the grassland locust community, the whole insect and natural enemy community. The diversity index and richness index of grasshoppers were significantly positively correlated with the diversity index and richness index of natural enemies, but significantly negatively correlated with the dominance index of natural enemies. There was significant positive correlation between the population size of the grasshoppers C. abbreviates and O. asiaticus and the natural enemy P. gebleri. The occurrence of C. albonemus was significantly positively correlated with gramineae vegetation coverage, height, biomass, compositae coverage, biomass, frequency, height, soil saturation water holding capacity, capillary moisture capacity, field water capacity, capillary porosity, total porosity, organic matter, alkaline nitrogen, altitude, and precipitation, but significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density, pH, average temperature, and highest temperature.