品种权开放许可——理论阐释、规范构造与运行保障

品种权开放许可是一种遵循自愿原则,体现开放共享、责任规则精神的品种权许可创新模式。品种权开放许可制度具有减少交易成本、加速育种成果转化、促进育种开放式创新的功能。本文从理论阐释、规范构造和运行保障方面对我国引入品种权开放许可问题进行了学术探讨,认为应围绕申请主体、开放许可声明与合同订立、年费减免与撤回等方面构造品种权开放许可制度,通过明确行政部门职能,完善多元纠纷解决机制,建立失信行为惩戒机制等保障品种权开放许可制度的运行。建议在我国植物新品种保护制度中引入开放许可制度,同时考虑该制度的运行成本、吸引力,以及与我国国情的契合性,以充分发挥其制度功能,促进品种创新与转化,更好地保障国家粮食安全。

Open license of variety rights: theoretical explanation,normative structure and operation guarantee

As an innovative model, the open license of variety rights follows the voluntary principle and embodies the spirit of open sharing and responsibility rules. Open license system can reduce transaction costs, accelerate the transformation of variety rights, and promote breeding innovation. In the present study, the open license of variety rights in China is discussed from theoretical explanation, normative structure and operation guarantee. The specification for the open license system of variety rights should be constructed around the subject of the application, the declaration of open license and the conclusion of the contract, the annual fee reduction and withdrawal. The operation of this system should be guaranteed by clarifying the functions of management departments, improving multiple dispute resolution mechanisms, and establishing a punishment mechanism for untrustworthy behaviors. It is suggested that an open license system should be introduced into China’s plant variety protection law. This system should have proper operating costs, attractiveness and should be suitable for China’s conditions, hence to promote the creation and transformation of variety rights, and ensure national food security with its special institutional function.