几种生物农药对青海蚕豆主要病虫害的防治效果

为建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术，以推动青海有机蚕豆生产，本研究以9种生物农药为供试药剂，针对苜蓿蚜、蚕豆赤斑病及枯萎病，开展了较为系统的室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验。室内生测试验表明，0.3%苦参碱水剂等4种生物农药均对苜蓿蚜有良好的毒杀作用，其中0.3%苦参碱水剂的毒力最强，其24h和48h的LC₅₀分别为7.33mg/L和5.66mg/L；田间防效试验表明，0.3%苦参碱水剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂对苜蓿蚜的防效显著，500倍药液药后7d防效达76.00%～83.00%；10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂和枯草芽胞杆菌（1000亿芽胞/g）可湿性粉剂混用对蚕豆赤斑病的防效有增效作用，制剂用量为500.0g/hm²时，药后14d防效为73.98%～77.79%；多粘类芽胞杆菌（10亿CFU/g）可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉（≥2亿活孢子/g）可湿性粉剂对蚕豆枯萎病的防效高于另两种生物农药，药后14d防效分别为74.23%和71.01%。综上所述，0.3%苦参碱水剂、0.5%藜芦碱可溶性液剂、10%小檗碱可湿性粉剂、枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂、多粘类芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂和哈茨木霉可湿性粉剂对蚕豆3种主要病虫害防效优良，据此可进一步建立蚕豆病虫害全程生物防控技术用于青海蚕豆的有机绿色安全生产。

Control Efficacy of Several Biopesticides on the Main Diseases and Pests of Broad Bean in Qinghai

To establish a whole season biological control technology for broad bean diseases and pests to promote the production of organic broad beans in Qinghai, we determined the biological activities of 9 biopesticides on Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), broad bean chocolate spot and fusarium wilt using laboratory and field tests. The laboratory bioassay tests showed that the four biopesticides had significant activities against A. craccivora. Among them, 0.3% matrine AS was the best, with LC₅₀ of 24 h and 48 h of 7.33 mg/L and 5.66 mg/L, respectively. The field tests showed that 0.3% matrine AS and 0.5% veratrine soluble concentrate (SL) had significant control on A. craccivora, with the control efficacy of 76.00%-83.00% at 7 d after application of 500-fold dilution. The mixture of 10% berberine wettable powders (WP) and Bacillus subtilis (100 billion spores/g) WP had a synergistic effect on the control efficacy of broad bean chocolate spot, with the control efficacy of 73.98%-77.79% at 14 d after application of the 500.0 g/hm²preparation. Paenibacillus polymyxa (1 billion CFU/g) WP and Trichoderma harzianum (≥200 million live spores/g) WP were more effective against broad bean fusarium wilt than the other two biopesticides, with the control efficacy of 74.23% and 71.01% at 14 d after application, respectively. Therefore, 0.3% matrine AS, 0.5% veratrine SL, 10% berberine WP, Bacillus subtilis WP, Paenibacillus polymyxa WP and Trichoderma harzianum WP have excellent control on the three main diseases and pests of broad bean. The results are of significance for whole season biological control technology for organic, green and safe production of broad bean in Qinghai province.