平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量与产量的影响

为明确平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄的影响,以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)184品种为试材,按照氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)平衡施肥原理设计4个处理,分别为不施肥(CK0)、常规施肥(CK,每667 m²施N肥23.7 kg、P₂O₅ 38.4 kg、K₂O 72.9 kg)、平衡施肥1(T1,每667 m²施N肥38.38 kg、P₂O₅ 16.45 kg、K₂O 53.18 kg)、平衡施肥2(T2,施肥量较T1减少10%,每667 m²施N肥33.58 kg、P₂O₅ 14.4 kg、K₂O 46.5 kg),研究平衡施肥对番茄生长、品质、产量与矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,平衡施肥可不同程度促进番茄生长,改善品质,提高矿质元素含量和产量,平衡施肥1(T1)效果最优。与常规施肥(CK)相比,T1处理番茄的株高、叶片数、最大净光合速率和根系活力分别提高9.97%、5.19%、25.13%和95.79%;果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、铁、镁、钙元素含量与产量分别提高19.82%、16.09%、15.24%、11.30%、69.06%和15.25%。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,番茄品质和产量等指标之间存在一定的相关性与依存关系。根据综合得分模型发现,T1处理的得分最高,CK0最低,说明平衡施肥对设施基质栽培番茄生长、品质、矿质元素含量和产量影响较大,其中,单果鲜重和维生素C(V_C)、磷、钾、铁、锰、锌含量是影响番茄生长和品质的主要因素。因此,平衡施肥1(T1)处理可通过增强番茄叶片光合能力,提高产量和改善果实品质,成为肥料资源合理配置的施肥模式。

Effects of balanced fertilization on growth,quality, mineral elements contents and yield of tomato cultivated in substrate in greenhouse

In order to clarify the effects of balanced fertilization on tomato cultivated in substrate in the greenhouse, the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar 184 was used as test material. Four treatments were designed according to the principle of balanced fertilization of N, P and K, namely no fertilization (CK0), conventional fertilization (CK, 23.7 kg N, 38.4 kg P₂O₅ and 72.9 kg K₂O per 667 m²), balanced fertilization 1 (T1, 38.38 kg N, 16.45 kg P₂O₅ and 53.18 kg K₂O per 667 m²), balanced fertilization 2 (T2, 10% less fertilizer than T1, 33.58 kg N, 514.4 kg P₂O, 46.5 kg K₂O per 667 m²), effects of balanced fertilization on tomato growth, quality, yield and mineral element content were studied. The results showed that balanced fertilization could promote tomato growth, improve quality, mineral element content and yield in different degrees, balanced fertilization 1 (T1) had the best effect. Compared with CK, plant height, leaf number, maximum net photosynthetic rate and root activity of tomato in T1 treatment increased by 9.97%, 5.19%, 25.13% and 95.79% respectively; soluble solid, soluble sugar, iron, magnesium, calcium and yield in T1 treatment increased by 19.82%, 16.09%, 15.24%, 11.30%, 69.06% and 15.25%, respectively. The results of correlation and principal component analysis showed that there was a certain correlation and dependence between the quality and yield of tomato indexes. According to the final comprehensive score model, it was found that the score of T1 treatment was the highest and CK0 was the lowest, indicating that balanced fertilization had a great impact on the growth, quality, mineral elements contents and yield of tomato cultivated in substrate. Among them, the fresh weight of single fruit and contents of V_C, mineral elements, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese and zinc were the main factors affecting the growth and quality of tomato. Therefore, the balanced fertilization 1 treatment (T1) could be a fertilizer application pattern for rational allocation of fertilizer resources by enhancing the photosynthetic capacity of tomato leaves, increasing yield and improving fruit quality.