不同基肥及追肥配比对凤梨生长、产量和品质的影响

为研究不同基肥及追肥配比对凤梨生长、产量及果实品质的影响,以台农17凤梨为研究对象,分别设基肥试验和追肥试验,明确最佳的凤梨施肥模式。基肥试验设复合肥、“劲久”控释肥、羊粪+复合肥和“沃丰康”生物有机肥+复合肥4种肥料组合,每种组合根据总氮含量设100% N、75% N与50% N三种梯度,其中不添加基肥为CK1,共计13个基肥处理。追肥试验设T1（促花肥+开花肥+结果肥）、T2（开花肥+结果肥）、T3（促花肥+结果肥）,其中不施用追肥为CK2,共4个追肥处理。结果表明,在100% N水平下,以11 250 kg·hm^-2羊粪+1 875 kg·hm^-2复合肥作为基肥,凤梨的生长、产量及果实品质最佳。移栽135 d后,凤梨的叶尖高度增加了28.25%,总叶片数增加59.09%,最大叶长增加16.00%,最大叶宽增加42.55%。凤梨产量达58.62 t·hm^-2,较CK1增加20.22%,平均单果重达（1.86±0.32）kg, 果长、果径与芯径分别达（231.47±44.28）mm、（125.62±33.24）mm和（41.16±4.13）mm。此外凤梨的果实品质也最佳,果肉可溶性固形物达（12.6±0.4）%,可滴定酸达（0.50±0.11）%,维生素C达（29.1±6.7）mg·kg^-1。而在75%N水平或50%N水平下,“沃丰康”生物有机肥+复合肥处理的部分凤梨指标更佳。作为追肥,T1的效果最佳,较于追肥前,追肥后的凤梨叶尖高度、总叶片数、最大叶长叶宽分别增加20.18%、184.87%、21.95%和61.25%,产量较CK2增加6.62%。凤梨单果重（1.62±0.33）kg,果长、果径和芯径分别达（183.52±29.35）mm、（123.58±15.68）mm和（40.58±8.39）mm。凤梨果肉可溶性固形物（13.1±0.9）%,可滴定酸（0.47±0.12）%,维生素C含量（28.9±3.2）mg·kg^-1。本研究表明,适用于宁波本地凤梨的最佳施肥方式为以11 250 kg·hm^-2羊粪+1 875 kg·hm^-2复合肥作为基肥,同时添加少量生物有机肥,并辅以促花肥、开花肥和结果肥追施。

Effects of different basal fertilizers and topdressing fertilizers on growth,yield and quality of pineapple

To clarify the effects of different basal fertilizers and topdressing fertilizers on the growth, yield and fruit quality of pineapples in Ningbo, Tainong 17 was selected as the material, and the basal fertilizer experiments and topdressing fertilizer experiments were carried out respectively to determine the best fertilization mode for pineapple. Four fertilizer treatments of NPK compound fertilizer, “Jinjiu”controlled release fertilizer, sheep excreta+NPK compound fertilizer, “Wofengkang” biological organic fertilizer+NPK compound fertilizer, with three gradients of 100% N, 75% N and 50% N were set up for basal fertilizer experiment. And control treatment CK1 with no basal fertilizer applied was added. A total of 4 treatments including T1 (flower-promoting fertilizer + flowering fertilizer + fruiting fertilizer), T2 (flowering fertilizer + fruiting fertilizer), T3 (flower-promoting fertilizer + fruiting fertilizer) and control treatment CK2 were carried out in topdressing fertilizer experiments. The results showed that the growth, yield and fruit quality of pineapple with 11 250 kg·hm^-2 sheep excreta+1 875 kg·hm^-2 NPK compound fertilizer applied were the best. Based on the data of 135 days after transplanting, the leaf tip height of pineapple increased by 28.25%, number of leaves increased by 59.09%, the maximum leaf length and width increased by 16.00% and 42.55%, respectively. The yield of pineapple was 58.62 t·hm^-2, with increase of 20.22% compared with CK1. Average fruit weight was (1.86±0.32) kg, fruit length and diameter of fruit and core were (231.47±44.28) mm, (125.62±33.24) mm and (41.16±4.13) mm, respectively. In addition, fruit quality of the treatment was also better than other treatment. The value of soluble solids was (12.6±0.4)%, titratable acid was (0.50±0.11)%, and of vitamin C was (29.1±6.7) mg·kg^-1. Furthermore, At 75% N level or 50% N level, some better indicators were observed in the treatment of “Wofengkang” bio-organic fertilizer + NPK compound fertilizer. As top dressing fertilizer part, various pineapple indexes of T1 treatment were higher than other treatments. Leaf tip height, total number of leaves, maximum leaf length and width after top dressing increased by 20.18%, 184.87%, 21.95% and 61.25% respectively, comparing with that before fertilizer applied. And the yield increased by 6.62% compared with CK2. Average fruit weight was (1.62±0.33) kg, and fruit length and diameter of fruit and core were (183.52±29.35) mm, (123.58±15.68) mm and (40.58±8.39) mm, respectively. Soluble solids of pineapple was (13.1±0.9)%, titratable acid was (0.47±0.12)%, and vitamin C was (28.9±3.2) mg·kg^-1. This study showed the best fertilization methods for native pineapples in Ningbo: 11 250 kg·hm^-2 sheep manure + 1 875 kg·hm^-2 NPK compound fertilizer as basal fertilizer, with some bio-organic fertilizer added, and flower-promoting fertilizer, flowering fertilizer and fruiting fertilizer top-dressed.