微喷带补灌对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

为给适于麦田精量灌溉的新型灌溉设施和方法的研发提供理论依据,于2011-2013年冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,以全生育期不灌水处理和传统畦灌处理为对照,设置6个不同带宽(60、80、100mm)和孔径(1.0和0.8mm)配置的微喷带补灌处理,研究了微喷补灌对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在60~100mm带宽范围内适当增大微喷带带宽,或在80mm带宽下增加内喷孔孔径均可显著提高灌溉水分布均匀系数。带宽80mm、内喷孔孔径1.0mm配置的微喷带灌溉处理(T80/1.0)下小麦拔节期至开花期对80~200cm土层贮水的消耗量低于其他处理,对0~40cm土层贮水的消耗量亦较低,其开花期补灌水量、全生育期总灌水量和总耗水量均低于其他微喷带灌溉处理。T80/1.0处理籽粒产量、水分利用效率及灌溉效益均显著高于带宽为60mm的处理及内喷孔孔径为0.8mm、带宽为80mm和100mm的处理;T80/1.0处理与传统畦灌处理相比,灌水均匀度和籽粒产量均无显著差异,但全生育期总灌水量减少33.2~70.8mm,总耗水量减少47.6~52.2mm,水分利用效率提高2.1~2.9kg·hm-2·mm-1。说明小麦生育中后期采用带宽80mm、内喷孔孔径1.0mm配置的微喷带进行按需补灌,有明显的节水高产效果。

Effect of Supplemental Irrigation with Micro-sprinkling Hoses on Water Consumption Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

To study the effects of supplemental irrigation of micro-sprinkling hoses with different orifice diameters and widths between hoses on water consumption characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat,field experiments were conducted in 2011-2013 growing seasons. No irrigation during the whole growth stage and traditional border irrigation were used as control,6 treatments of micro-sprinkling hose with different orifice diameter (60 mm,80 mm and 100 mm)and widths (0.8 mm and 1.0 mm)between hoses were conducted using high-yield variety Jimai 22. The results indicated that:(1) Increasing the width between hoses in the range of 60-100 mm,or of 80 mm,increasing the inner diameter of orifices aptly improved the uniformity of water distribution significantly.(2)The soil water consumption amount in 80-200 cm soil layer during jointing to anthesis stages in treatment with width between hoses of 80 mm and the inner diameter of orifices was 1.0 mm(T_80/1.0),which was lower than that in the other treatments. The soil water consumption amount in 0-40 cm soil layer in T_80/1.0 was lower,the irrigation amount at anthesis,total irrigation amount and total water consumption amount during growing season inT_80/1.0 were all significantly lower than those in the other treatments.(3)There were no significant difference in the grain yield,water use efficiency between T_80/1.0 and other treatments,but the irrigation efficiency of T_80/1.0 was higher than that of treatments with the widths between hoses of 60 mm,80 mm and 100 mm and with the inner diameter of orifices of 0.8 mm. There was no significant difference in the uniformity of water distribution and the grain yield between T_80/1.0 and the treatment of traditional border irrigation. While T_80/1.0 reduced the total irrigation amount by about 33.2-70.8 mm,and total water consumption amount by about 47.6-52.2 mm,improved the water use efficiency by about 2.1-2.9 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1.Those indicated that treatment with the micro-sprinkling hose which the width between hoses of 80 mm and the inner diameter of orifices of 1.0 mm was suitable for irrigating during middle and late period of the wheat.