Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of tryptophan and its derivatives from rice (Oryza sativa) grains through a response surface methodology |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Flora, Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, IVAGRO, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain;1. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, Box CU 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;2. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, Box CU 420644, Rochester, NY 14642 USA;3. Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA;4. Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA;5. Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA;6. Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA;1. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, China;2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China;1. Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China;2. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People''s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;1. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO)/School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Stª Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;2. LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;3. Organic Chemistry, Natural and Agrifood Products (QOPNA) – Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal;1. Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman;3. Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | An analytical ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique has been optimized and validated for the extraction of tryptophan and its derivatives from rice grains. A Box–Behnken design in conjunction with a response surface methodology based on six factors and three levels was used to evaluate the effects of the studied factors prior to optimizing the UAE conditions. The significant (p < 0.05) response surface models with high coefficients of determination were fitted to the experimental data. The most significant (p < 0.0001) effect is the solvent-to-sample ratio while quadratic effects caused by temperature and solvent-to-sample ratio were of moderate importance (p < 0.05). The optimal UAE conditions were as follows: extraction time of 5 min, ultrasound amplitude of 30%, cycle of 0.7 s−1, extraction temperature of 30 °C, 8% methanol in water as the extraction solvent at pH 3 and a solvent/solid ratio 5:1. The method validation ensured that appropriate values were obtained for the LOD, LOQ, precision and recovery. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of a number of rice samples of different varieties. It was demonstrated that this particular UAE method is an interesting tool for the determination of tryptophan and tryptophan derivatives in rice grain samples. |
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| Keywords: | Ultrasound-assisted extraction Tryptophan UPLC-FD Rice grains Tryptamine (PubChem CID: 1150) Serotonin (PubChem CID: 5202) Indole-3-acetic acid (PubChem CID: 802) |
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