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Distribution of bioactive compounds in maize fractions obtained in two different types of large scale milling processes

Institution:	1. Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;2. Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria - Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali (CREA-CI), via Stezzano 24, 24126 Bergamo, Italy;1. Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Col. Las Campanas, Querétaro, Querétaro, C. P. 76010, Mexico;2. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Querétaro, Libramiento Norponiente, No. 2000, Fraccionamiento Real de Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, C. P. 76230, Mexico;1. Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Flora, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain;3. Indonesian Center for Agricultural Post Harvest Research and Development (ICAPOSTRD), Jalan Ragunan 29 Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12540, Indonesia;1. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal 148 106, Punjab, India;2. DryProTech Lab., Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382 355, Gujarat, India

Abstract:	Maize kernels contain different bioactive compounds that are important for human health. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of the bioactive compounds in maize fractions derived from two industrial dry-milling processes, characterized by a dry-degermination (DD) system and a tempering-degermination (TD) system.The bioactive compounds in maize resulted unevenly distributed in the milling fractions of the kernel. By-products such as the germ and the animal feed flour, had higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total polyphenol content (TPC) and total dietary fibre content (TDF) than the whole grains, while xanthophyll and resistant starch resulted to be higher in the fractions derived from the vitreous endosperm. The germ fraction showed also the highest folate content. Results also showed that the type of degermination process influences the bioactive compound contents in the milling fraction, in accordance to the effectiveness of the germ and bran removal from the endosperm fractions. In particular, the animal feed flour obtained by means of TD system resulted in a higher TAC, TPC and TDF than the same fraction obtained by means of the DD system. Conversely, the extraction rate do not affect the recovery of bioactive components in particular fractions.

Keywords:	Maize dry-milling Total antioxidant capacity Polyphenols Xanthophylls ABTS"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0035"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"2 2′-azino-bis/3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid ANOVA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0045"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"analysis of variance DD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0055"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"dry-degermination DM"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0065"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"dry matter FAE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0075"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"folic acid equivalents FTL"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0085"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"floating test LE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0095"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"lutein equivalents RS"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0105"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"resistant starch TAE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0115"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"tannic acid equivalent TAC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0125"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"total antioxidant capacity TD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0135"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"tempering-degermination TDF"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0145"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"total dietary fibre TE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0155"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Trolox equivalents TME"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0165"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"total milling energy TPC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0175"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"total polyphenol content TW"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0185"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"test weight XPC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0195"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"xanthophyll content
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