夏闲覆盖和种植方式对黄土旱塬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响

【目的】充分利用夏闲期降水,提高旱地麦田土壤蓄水保墒能力,增产增收。【方法】通过3 a田间试验,研究了夏闲期秸秆残膜二元覆盖+垄膜沟播(JCLG)、夏闲期黑网膜覆盖+露地条播(HWLT)与夏闲期秸秆覆盖+露地条播(JLT)3种栽培措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分及产量的影响。【结果】JCLG处理可显著提高小麦产量、生物量、降水生产效率,较JLT处理分别提高9.5%～35.1%,13.2%～42.2%,8.8%～35.6%。同时JCLG处理具有良好的休闲期蓄水效率,较JLT处理平均提高29.5%,平水年二者差异显著。HWLT处理也具有良好的水分休闲效率和增产效果,较JLT处理平均提高22.5%和18%。播前2 m土壤贮水量和耗水量、产量、生物量均呈极显著相关关系,一定程度上根据播前土壤贮水量来预测当地冬小麦产量。【结论】JCLG处理和HWLT处理2种覆盖种植方式均适宜在黄土旱塬乃至我国旱地麦区推广应用,且以夏闲期秸秆残膜二元覆盖+垄膜沟播(JCLG)方式效果更佳。

Effects of Summer Mulch and Planting Methods on Soil Water and Winter Wheat Yield at Dryland in Loess Plateau

【Objective】There is a fallow period during summer in the loess plateau region. The purpose of this paper is to study how to make most of precipitation in this period by mulching, thereby improving soil water storage and the ultimate field of winter wheat.【Method】A three-year experiment was conducted with three summer mulching and planting method combinations: Straw and plastic film mulch with furrow sowing(JCLG), black net film mulch with flatten surface sowing(HWLT), straw mulch with flatten surface sowing(JLT).【Result】JCLG significantly increased wheat yield, biomass and precipitation use efficiency by 9.5%～35.1%, 13.2%～42.2% and8.8%～35.6% respectively, compared to JLT, due to its 29.5% increase in storing the summer precipitation in soil.HWLT also increased water storage and yield by 22.5% and 18% respectively, compared to JLT. We found that the water stored in 0～2 m soil prior to sowing was significantly related to water consumption, yield and biomass of the wheat.【Conclusion】Both JCLG and HWLT are effective in improving soil storage of summer precipitation at the dryland in the loess plateau regions, with JCLG most efficient in improving yield and rainfall use efficiency. The method tested in this paper might be applicable to drylands in other areas in China and beyond.