广藿香种质资源及栽培技术研究进展

广藿香为多年生芳香草本或半灌木植物,是我国著名的南药之一。通常以其干燥地上部分入药,具有芳香化浊、开胃止呕、发表解暑等功效,是多种中成药的重要原料。此外,以其提取的广藿香油是世界上医药工业和轻化工业的重要原料,经济价值高,应用市场前景广阔。广藿香为热带地区引入我国栽培,种质类型单一,遗传基础狭窄,资源极为有限。由于长期的自然环境和人工栽培的影响,广藿香种质产生了一些变异和分化,目前主要分布于我国广东、广西、福建和海南等南方省（区）,按照产地将其分为牌香、肇香、湛香和南香4种。广藿香在种植过程中,存在严重的连作障碍现象,且由于田间管理粗放,其产量和品质不稳定,受品种、产地、栽培技术等多方面因素影响。近年来,随着分子生药学的发展,其主要药用成分广藿香醇和广藿香酮的内在分子调控机制相关研究开展顺利,目前关于广藿香的研究大多集中在其有效成分的药效药理、生物合成及代谢调控方面,而对种质资源及栽培技术的系统性研究不足。优良的品种和高效规范的种植技术是药材产量和质量稳定的基础,为充分利用广藿香药材资源,进一步推广广藿香规模化和产业化发展,本文主要综述了广藿香的生物学特性、种质资源研究现状、栽培技术中的瓶颈及产业发展过程中存在的问题,指出了广藿香栽培过程中养分管理技术缺乏,连作障碍问题严重,提出要加强广藿香的繁殖技术和品种选育研究,积极推进广藿香的规范化种植,以期为广藿香的产业发展和开发利用提供参考。

Research Progress on Germplasm Resources and Cultivation Techniques of Pogostemon cablin

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. is a perennial herb or semi-shrub plant, which is one of the famous medicinal herbs in China. The dry aboveground part is usually used as medicine which has the effects of aromatizing turbidity, appetizing and stopping vomiting, releasing and relieving heat and thus becomes the raw material of many kinds of Chinese patent medicine. Besides, the patchouli oil extracted from it is also an important raw material of pharmaceutical and chemical industry in the world, with high economic value and broad market prospect. Patchouli was brought into China for cultivation from tropical areas, resulting in single germplasm type, narrow genetic basis and extremely limited resources. Due to the long-term effect of natural environment and cultivation, the germplasm of patchouli has several variation and differentiation. Currently, patchouli is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan provinces of China and could be divided into four species including Paixiang, Zhaoxiang, Zhanxiang and Nanxiang. There are serious continuous cropping obstacles during the cultivation of patchouli. Due to extensive field management, the yield and quality of patchouli are unstable, which are affected by many factors such as variety, production area and cultivation technology. In recent years, with the development of molecular pharmacognosy, researches related in internal regulation of the active ingredients patchouli alcohol and pogostone of patchouli were carried out smoothly. The current study of patchouli mostly focused on its pharmacodynamics, biosynthesis and metabolism regulation, but the systemic research on germplasm resources and cultivation techniques were insufficient. Excellent varieties and efficient and standard cultivation techniques are the basis of stable yield and quality of medicinal materials. In order to make the best use of patchouli medicinal materials resources and further promote patchouli cultivation scale development and industrialization, the biological characteristics of patchouli, distribution of germplasm resources, bottlenecks in the cultivation techniques and the problems in the industrial development of patchouli were summarized in this paper. It was pointed out that the nutrient management technology of patchouli was lacking and the continuous cropping obstacle was serious. It was also suggested that the research on propagation technology and variety breeding of patchouli should be strengthened, and the standardized planting of patchouli should be promoted. Our study might provide reference for the industrial development and utilization of patchouli.