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Effect of water hardness on peracetic acid toxicity to zebrafish, Danio rerio, embryos |
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| Authors: | Pierre-André Marchand David L Straus Andreas Wienke Lars-Flemming Pedersen Thomas Meinelt |
| Institution: | 1. Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree—Stuttgart National Aquaculture, Stuttgart, AR, USA 3. Halle-Wittenberg Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther University, Halle, Germany 4. DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, 20 The North Sea Research Centre, Technical University of Denmark, P.O. Box 101, 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark 5. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany |
| Abstract: | The use of peracetic acid (PAA) in aquaculture has been suggested as an alternative therapeutic agent. Few data are available concerning fish toxicity by PAA or factors that modify this toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of water hardness on the acute toxicity of PAA products to embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Embryos were exposed to PAA ranging from 0 to 9 mg/L in low-hardness (1.4 °dH or 25 mg/L hardness as CaCO3), medium-hardness (14 °dH or 250 mg/L hardness as CaCO3) and high-hardness (140 °dH or 2,500 mg/L hardness as CaCO3) waters. The lowest LC50 value was 2.24 mg/L PAA in the low-hardness water, and the highest LC50 value was 7.14 mg/L PAA in the high-hardness water. Toxicity of PAA to embryos was found to be negatively correlated with water hardness. The pH decreased with increasing concentrations of PAA, and the test waters were observed to become more acidic in low hardness. In conclusion, aquaculturists using PAA should pay attention to water hardness to avoid acidosis. |
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