Susceptibility of European cultivars of Italian and perennial ryegrass to crown and stem rust

A set of 15 Italian (Lolium multiflorum), three hybrid (L. boucheanum) and 33 perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars were evaluated for their rust susceptibility in the field. The cultivars were grown in 2001, 2004 and 2007 at 29, 32 and 27 European sites, respectively. Rust incidence was scored during different growth cycles using a scale from one (no rust) to nine (susceptible). Crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) was the most frequently observed rust species on Italian, hybrid and perennial ryegrass during all three experimental years. There was a highly significant difference in mean crown rust scores among Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars, respectively, in each of the 3 years. The ranking of the cultivars was very consistent across the different sites within each year (with some exceptions), despite a significant interaction of cultivar response with sites. Moreover, the rank order correlations of mean cultivar rust scores were highly significant (r > 0.9) between the years. Stem rust (P. graminis f. sp. graminicola) occurred almost exclusively on perennial ryegrass. The cultivars showed significant variation in stem rust susceptibility. Rank order correlations of mean cultivar stem rust scores were mostly significant between sites within each year and highly significant between the years. The ranking of perennial ryegrass cultivars was different depending on whether crown or stem rust was scored. However, the rank order correlation between the mean disease scores of the cultivars for the two pathogens was low but still significant. At a particular site the assessment of crown or stem rust was in most cases very consistent over the period of experimentation. Therefore there was no evidence that rust resistance of an individual cultivar was overcome by the rust pathogen at a particular site over the 7 years of experimentation.