农业拖拉机关键技术发展现状与展望

拖拉机作为农业装备的核心,其技术发展水平体现着国家农业机械化程度和农业现代化发展水平。近年来,拖拉机在广泛应用新技术的同时,不断涌现出新结构和新产品,技术含量不断提高,产品性能持续增强。本文分析了当前国内外拖拉机产品的技术发展情况,以及农业拖拉机实现自动化、智能化和信息化的紧迫性和必要性;归纳了拖拉机在发动机排放控制、新能源应用、动力换挡、无级变速、悬浮前桥、驾驶室、电液悬挂、电子控制、总线网络以及整机信息化等关键技术方面的最新研究进展,结合产品应用阐明了各系统相关技术的基本原理和特点;最后,纵观拖拉机技术发展历程,结合我国国情,对农业拖拉机技术的未来发展方向进行了总结和展望,提出在互联网高速发展的时代,云计算、大数据、物联网开始与农机装备制造业相结合,集高效、节能、环保、智能为一体的精准农业系统代表了未来农业生产的新型模式,智能拖拉机作为精准农业系统中的重要节点,其智能感知、智能决策、高效驱动以及远程管控技术将成为技术发展的未来方向。

Development and Prospect of Key Technologies on Agricultural Tractor

As the core equipment of agricultural machinery, the tractors are rapidly becoming of increasing importance to agriculture. The technical advance of tractor products reflects the degree of national agricultural mechanization and the level of agricultural modernization. In recent years, novel structures and devices have been emerging on tractors, of which the technical level is constantly improved, and the overall performance keeps enhancing with the extensive application of various new technologies. Based on the analysis of the tractor development world-widely, the urgency and necessity of tractors to achieve automation, intelligentization and informatization were proposed. The latest researches on agricultural tractors in engine emission controlling, new energy altering, power shifting, continuously variable driving, front axle suspending, cab comforting, hitch electrohydraulic controlling, bus networking and system informatization were summarized. Meanwhile, the basic principles and characteristics of related technologies of each system were expounded combining with the application of specific products. Considering the national situation, the development direction of tractor technology was prospected with a historical and in-depth review of its development process. The precision agricultural system, which integrated high efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection and intelligence, benefiting from the rapid developing technologies of cloud computing, big data and internet of things, was thought to be a new model of future agriculture. Accordingly, intelligent perception and decision, efficient driving and remote controlling of intelligent tractors, which played an important role in the precision agriculture, were speculated to be the new bright spot and direction of tractor technology development in the future.