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Frost hardening spruce container stock for overwintering in Ontario
Authors:Colombo  Stephen J
Institution:(1) Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1235 Queen Street East, PO Box 969, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 5N5
Abstract:Difficulties overwintering container stock in northern Ontario led to the development of the ldquoextended greenhouse culturerdquo hardening regime for spruce seedlings. Laboratories to measure shoot frost hardiness and evaluate terminal bud development were established to monitor nursery crops being hardened using this regime. Information on frost hardiness and bud development provided by these laboratories has been used by nursery managers to determine readiness of container seedlings for overwintering. Since 1982, over 200 stock lots have been monitored by these operational laboratories. This database can be used to determine the importance of nursery cultural factors and seed source on frost hardening. The database shows large differences between nurseries in approach to hardening seedlings which were reflected in levels of freezing damage, winter desiccation and overwintering success. Rates of frost hardening (i.e., the interval between terminal bud initiation and attainment of a --15°C level of shoot frost hardiness) of crops produced in north central Ontario failed to show significant seed source effects. The rate of frost hardening was faster in crops producing fewer needle primordia in terminal buds.
Keywords:black spruce  bud initiation  cold hardiness  frost hardiness  needle primordia  overwintering  Picea glauca  Picea mariana  white spruce
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