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Development of the musculature and muscular abnormalities in larval seven-band grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus |
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| Authors: | Susumu Uji Tohru Suzuki Takashi Iwasaki Kazuhisa Teruya Keiichi Hirasawa Makoto Shirakashi Shizumasa Onoue Yoichi Yamashita Koichi Okuzawa |
| Affiliation: | 1. Farming Biology Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, 422-1 Minamiise, Watarai, Mie, 516-0193, Japan 2. Laboratory of Bioindustrial Informatics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan 3. Kamiura Laboratory, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Saiki, Oita, 879-2602, Japan 4. Yaeyama Laboratory, Seikai National Risheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 148 Ishigaki, Okinawa, 907-0451, Japan 5. Fisheries Research Division, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Oita Prefectural Agriculture, 710-1 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0844, Japan 6. Oita Prefecture Public Fisheries Corporation, 194-6 Saiki, Oita, Oita, 879-2602, Japan |
| Abstract: | There are a number of reports documenting skeletal development in groupers, but surprisingly little is known about muscle development. We have documented muscle development in the seven-band grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg), focusing primarily on the cranial muscles from 0 days post-hatching (dph) to 28 dph, using a modified whole mount immunohistochemical staining method. The eye muscles developed first followed by the cheek muscles, which completed development prior to first feeding. The muscles associated with the opercle and the levator internus 1 developed gradually and were not linked to first feeding. Later, between 12 and 16 dph, the muscle composition in the dorsal branchial arches changed to the adult form. We observed a number of cultured larvae that exhibited abnormal musculature in the body and jaw. Our results provide the first documentation of muscle development in larval seven-band grouper. This information can be used to detect abnormalities during development and provide a marker to assess the effect of changes in larval rearing techniques. |
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