塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化研究

早在4000年前的原社社会,塔里木河(以下简称塔河)下游绿色走廊已经形成。在近百年的历史中,前20年是绿色走廊的兴盛时期,自20世纪20年代中期以后,绿色走廊开始近代历史上的衰败过程,特别是近50年来塔里木河上中游的水土开发活动,使得下游地区的来水量骤减并中断有近30年的历史,从而引发了下游绿色走廊的逐步走向衰败、土地荒漠化趋势加剧等生态环境恶化问题。为了改善塔河下游地区的生态与环境、抑制土地退化的加剧、挽救濒临灭绝的下游天然植被,截止2005年11月共向该地区输水7次,断流30年的塔里木河下游完成了第四次应急输水后,大体达到维系下游生态的必须水量,输水使河道两侧植被生长状况发生明显改善,生物呈多样化变化。笔者在1998年5月,2002年10月和2004年5月三次对塔河中、下游地区进行实地考察获得了第一手资料,本文在前人研究的成果基础上和实地考察资料相结合,对塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化进行探讨。

Study on Dynamic Change of Ecology and Environment Before and After the Ecology Water Trasportation to the Lower Reaches of Tarimu River

As early as 4000 years ago on primitive society,the green corridor had formed in the lower reaches of Tarimu River.In the nearly hundred years,in previous 20 years were the green corridor prosperous times,since 20th century 20's intermediate stages,the green corridor entered decline stages in history,specially in recent 50 years,the exploitation activities of land and water resources in upper and middle reaches of TarimuRiver,caused the water volume of the Tarimu River sharply reduced and 30 years of cut-off,as a result,the green corridor gradually declined,land desertification and deterioration of ecological environment,etc were serious in lower reaches of Tarimu River.In order to improve the ecological environment,suppression land degenerates tendency,save the natural vegetation on verge of extinction,until November,2003 water trasportation was carried on 7 times.After completed fourth emergency water distribution,the lower reaches of Tarimu River that cut-off 30 years roughly achieved water volume to maintain ecological environment.The water distribution caused vegetation growth improvement and biology assume multiple changed in lower reaches of Tarimu River.