设施促早栽培下耐弱光能力不同的葡萄品种冬芽的花芽分化

为解决设施葡萄促早栽培的“隔年结果”问题，以4年生‘贝达’嫁接的不耐弱光的‘夏黑’和耐弱光的‘京蜜’为试材，通过石蜡切片法观察新梢2 ~ 7节各节位冬芽的花芽分化状况，绘制各节位冬芽群体的花芽分化进程图，研究设施促早栽培条件下耐弱光能力不同的葡萄品种冬芽的花芽分化规律。结果表明：（1）花序主轴的出现是成花起始的标志。（2）冬芽雏梢发育到含有两个叶原基至始原始体开始形成这一阶段是诱导设施葡萄成花的关键时期（生理分化期），始原始体分化期和始原始体分裂成二分枝之后是设施葡萄成花调节的两个关键时期。（3）始原始体出现之后，冬芽雏梢生长点和始原始体发育同步是成花良好的保证，冬芽雏梢生长点营养生长过旺是抑制成花，造成“隔年结果”的重要原因。（4）‘京蜜’葡萄对设施促早栽培环境具有极佳的适应性，新梢各节位冬芽花芽分化的各阶段持续时间短且重叠阶段少，均具有良好成花能力，节位优势不明显，花芽分化从新梢基部冬芽向上依次进行，高节位冬芽花芽分化稍迟，但速度较快；冬剪采取中短梢修剪即可实现连年丰产；‘夏黑’葡萄对设施促早栽培环境的适应性差，新梢各节位冬芽花芽分化的各阶段持续时间长且多阶段相互重叠，虽然从新梢基部向上成花数量逐渐增加，成花质量逐渐改善，但不能满足生产要求，存在严重的隔年结果现象，必须采取更新修剪等相应措施方能实现连年丰产。

Studies on the Flower Bud Differentiation of Grape Cultivars with Different Tolerant Ability of Low Light in Greenhouse

Two four-year-old Beta grafted grape cultivars‘Jingmi’（Vitis vinifera‘Jingmi’，a low light tolerant cultivar）and‘Summer Black’（V. inifera–V. labrusca‘Summer Black’，a low light intolerant cultivar）were sampled to study the grape flower buds differentiation of cultivars with different tolerance to low light，which can be used as theoretical foundation to solve the problem of‘alternate bearing’under protected cultivation to promote early maturing. The bud differentiation process at the 2nd to 7th nodes was observed by the paraffin section technique and the relating developmental process figure of sample dates and differentiation ratios was also made. The results indicate that：（1）The formation of inflorescence main axis can be used as the mark for the beginning of the flower buds differentiation.（2）The period from the young shoots having two leaf primordium to the formation of anlagen，which can also be called the stage of physiological differentiation，was key to inducing the flower buds differentiation，and the period of anlagen differentiation and after it breaking up to two branches was the key stage to regulate flower buds differentiation for the grape under greenhouse.（3）The synchronous development of the growing point at young shoots and the anlagen of buds was essential for flower buds differentiation. High activeness of vegetative growth of the growing point at young shoots can inhibit the flower bud differentiation，which might lead the problem of‘alternate bearing’.（4）The weak light resistant cultivar‘Jingmi’has high adaptability to protected cultivation to promote early maturing. Each stage of differentiation of their buds at each node was short and barely overlapped. The flower buds differentiation of‘Jingmi’，without evident difference of buds differentiation ability，was beginning at the basal nodes of shoot，and the differentiation of high nodes was late，but fast. The usual pruning measurements leaving the 2nd or 3rd bud could get sustainable production for protected cultivation to promote early maturing. By contrast，the weak light unresistant cultivar‘Summer Black’cannot completely adapt to the environment of early maturation cultivation. Each stage of the differentiation of the buds at each node was long and some of them overlapped irregularly. Although the number of flower buds increased and their quality improved gradually，the number and quality of flower buds from the 2nd to 7th nodes couldn’t meet the commercial production demands and the problem of‘alternate bearing’was still serious. Necessary measurements like renewal pruning are needed to keep the sustainable production of protected cultivation to promote early maturing for this cultivar.