山东省金乌贼增殖放流现状与资源养护对策

为了探究个体发育和食性对金乌贼角质颚形态的影响。实验采用几何形态测量学地标点法对2018年11月—2019年3月在黄海南部采集的金乌贼角质颚进行形态分析，共对138对金乌贼的上、下颚分别定义了27个地标点进行分析。结果显示，①不同发育阶段的金乌贼上、下颚的大小、形态及异速生长模式均存在显著差异，并且不同性别的上颚形态存在显著差异。②未成熟期的金乌贼角质颚的喙部较弯曲和尖锐，亚成熟期的角质颚头盖和翼部变宽，喙部也较尖锐，而成熟期的角质颚喙部短钝，侧壁较尖长，下颚翼部宽大。研究表明，不同发育阶段角质颚的发育机制可能是为更好地适应摄食对象变更，满足摄食需求做出的响应。这些与个体生长发育和摄食习性相关的表型可塑性反映了金乌贼角质颚的生长规律和金乌贼对食物资源的适应性利用。本研究通过分析金乌贼角质颚形态的生长变化，完善了金乌贼的基础生物学信息，为金乌贼资源的合理利用提供一定的科学依据。

The enhancement & releasing status and maintenance countermeasure of golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) in Coastal Shandong Province

Sepia esculenta belongs to Cephalopoda, Sepioidea, Sepiidae, and Sepia, which has become an essential economic seafood species along the northern coast of China. The beak is the main feeding organ of cephalopods, its morphology and internal structure can record biological information on cephalopods at different stages of growth. In addition, there are differences in the feeding objects of cuttlefish at different stages of individual development, which may affect the morphology of beaks. In order to investigate the effects of ontogeny and feeding habits on the beaks of cuttlefish, 138 pairs of beaks of cuttlefish were collected from the southern Yellow Sea from November 2018 to March 2019. Using the landmark point method of geometric morphometry, the upper and lower beaks images were defined and analyzed by 27 marks. The results showed that ① The upper beaks are slightly larger than the lower beaks. And the transition from immature to maturing may be a transgressive period in the growth of the beaks. ② There were significant differences in the size, morphology, and allometric growth pattern of upper and lower beaks in different developmental stages (P<0.05), and there were significant differences in the morphology of upper beaks in different genders (P<0.05), but lower beaks were not the case (P>0.05). ③ The female upper beaks have a high morphological diversity in the mature stage, while the male upper beaks show this in the immature stage. And the maturing stage has a greater influence on the lower beaks. ④ In the immature stage, the beak of cuttlefish was curved and sharp, which facilitated a quick bite on small amphipods. While in maturing stage, the beak’s hood and wing became wider and the beak’s rostrum was sharp, which helped cuttlefish to capture prey precisely of the fast-swimming and agile fish. However, in the mature stage, the beak’s rostrum was short and blunt, the lateral wall was longer and the beak’s wing was wide, which provided a large bite force to crush the hard shell of crustaceans. The development mechanism of beaks at different developmental stages may be a response to better adapt to the changes of feeding objects and satisfy feeding needs. In addition, environmental factors in the southern Yellow Sea may also lead to morphological changes in the beaks of the cuttlefish. Future studies should focus on the internal mechanism of beak deformation in response to the transformation of feeding objects and environmental change. These are associated with individual growth and feeding habit of phenotypic plasticity reflecting the cuttlefish beak growth regularity and the adaptive use of food resources of cuttlefish. This study, through the analysis of the growth of cuttlefish’s beak shape change, improved the basic biology of cuttlefish information, and may provide a certain scientific basis for reasonable use of resources.