山东省订单农业的诱致性制度变迁

简述了山东省订单农业的制度变迁历程。其中订单农业的准备阶段变化表现在：一是订单双方的信息不对称程度低；二是订单农业的风险保障体系趋于完善；三是订单农业的组织形式趋于单一化。农产品生产阶段需要采取以下措施：一是生产资料投入；二是完善田间管理；三是健全质量检测。农产品收购阶段需要采取以下措施：一是产品由初加工向深加工方向发展；二是龙头企业向大型规范方向发展。订单农业利益分配阶段发生的变化表现在：一是龙头企业与农户的利益关系由对立走向互利；二是对违约问题的感性由“自律”走向理性的“自律”。分析了订单农业的绩效：一是推动了农业经营形式的转变；二是降低了不确定性；三是真正实现了风险共担与利益均沾。探讨了订单农业制度变迁的缺陷：一是不再是惠及多数农户的经营形式；二是依然是典型的不完全舍约；三是龙头企业与农户间博弈能力差距扩大；四是信息不对称依然存在；五是非正式制度落后于正式制度安排。提出了相应的对策：一是发展专业合作社；二是完善土地流转制度；三是建设诚信信息体系；四是构建社会诚信制度。

Induced Institutional Transition of Contract Farming in Shandong Province

This article describes the process of institutional transition of contract farming in Shandong Province.The changes in preparatory stage of contract farming express in:One,the information asymmetry of the two sides of the contract is reducing; Two,the security system of contract farming tends to be perfection; Three,the organizational form of contract farming tends to be simplification.The measures taken in production stage of agricultural product are as follows:The first is investment in means of production; The second is perfection of field manage-ment; The third is soundness of quality test.The measures taken in purchase stage of agricultural product are as follows:First,product is developing from preliminary working to intensive processing; Second,leading enterprises develop to large-scale and standard.The changes in profit distribution stage of contract farming are as follows:First,the profit relationship between enterprises and peasant households turns from opposition to mutual benefit.Second,the means of default issues turn from emotional self-discipline to rational self-discipline.Performance of contract farming is analyzed:First is putting forward the transformation of agricultural operational form; Second is reducing the uncertainty; Third is truly realizing the risk sharing and participation of interest.The defect of institutional transition of contract farming is discussed:First is no longer the operational form that benefits many farmers; Second is still the typically incomplete contract; Third is expansion of capability gap of business game between leading enterprises and farmers; Fourth is the still existence of information asymmetry; Fifth is informal institution falling behind formal institutional arrangement.The corresponding countermeasures are put forward:First is developing professional cooperation; Second is completing land circulation system; Third is constructing honest information system; Fourth is building social honesty system.