Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds |
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| Affiliation: | 1. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521-2154, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, 2110 Miriam Circle, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA;1. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy;2. Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science, Section of Woody Plant, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;3. Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Unità di ricerca per la viticoltura, Via Romea 53, Arezzo, Italy;4. Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, TO, Italy;5. Associazione Toscana Costitutori Viticoli, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy;1. Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Ln. Rm. 203, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA;2. Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, 103 Giltner Hall, 293 Farm Ln. Rm. 103, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA;3. Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA;4. Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA;5. Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 140, Houston, TX, 77005, USA;6. Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA;7. Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High St., Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA;8. Biology Department, Trinity Western University, 7600 Glover Rd, Langley, BC, V2Y 1Y1, Canada;1. USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA;2. Michigan State University, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA;3. Trinity Western University, 7600 Glover Road, Langley, BC, V2Y 1Y1, Canada;4. Cornell University, 226 Mann Drive, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA;5. Western Washington University, 516 E College Way, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA;6. University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA;1. Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1731 Research Park Drive, Davis, CA 95618, USA;2. Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 4746 South 1900 East, Ogden, UT 84403, USA;3. Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, P.O. Box 7669, Missoula, MT 59807, USA |
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| Abstract: | Non-lethal alternatives are needed to manage the damage caused by wild birds to oilseed sunflower crops (Helianthus annuus Linnaeus). We evaluated field residues and experimental applications of an anthraquinone-based repellent (active ingredient 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) to minimize red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus Linnaeus) depredation of oilseed sunflower. Chemical residues from experimental applications of the anthraquinone-based repellent (4.7 l/ha and 9.4 l/ha; low, high) in a ripening oilseed sunflower field were 481 ppm and 978 ppm anthraquinone at the beginning of blackbird damage, and 385 ppm and 952 ppm anthraquinone at the end of blackbird damage, respectively. Prior to harvest, we observed 402 ppm and 462 ppm anthraquinone in the oil, and 27 ppm and 165 ppm anthraquinone in the pomace from crushed sunflower achenes previously sprayed with the low and high applications, respectively. For the purpose of developing application strategies useful for avian repellents, we subsequently investigated blackbird feeding response to oilseed sunflower treated with the anthraquinone-based repellent and either a registered insecticide or a registered fungicide popularly used for ripening sunflower. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among blackbirds exposed to anthraquinone and the insecticide (a.i. 8.4% esfenvalerate), or anthraquinone and the fungicide (a.i. 23.6% pyraclostrobin). Blackbirds reliably discriminated between untreated sunflower and that treated with 1810 ppm anthraquinone and 0.1% of the insecticide or 1700 ppm anthraquinone and 0.14% of the fungicide during our preference experiments. Given that ripening achenes are inverted from conventional pesticide applications throughout much of the period associated with blackbird depredation, we also evaluated blackbird repellency of the anthraquinone-based repellent applied to involucral bracts (i.e., the back of sunflower heads) of oilseed sunflower. Blackbirds did not discriminate between untreated involucral bracts and those treated with foliar applications comparable to 4.7 l/ha or 9.4 l/ha; blackbirds consumed more achenes from untreated sunflower heads than from those treated with 18.7 l/ha of the anthraquinone-based repellent. Supplemental repellent efficacy studies should investigate blackbird response to anthraquinone-based repellents (e.g., ≥4.7 l/ha) within 10–100 ha sunflower fields and include independent field replicates with predicted bird damage, repellent application strategies developed for protection of ripening crops, pre- and at-harvest repellent residues, and bird damage and crop yield measurements. |
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| Keywords: | Anthraquinone Chemical repellent Esfenvalerate Pyraclostrobin |
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