Morphological and physiological differences in the response of cereals to zinc deficiency |
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Authors: | I Cakmak B Torun B Ereno?lu L Öztürk H Marschner M Kalayci H Ekiz A Yilmaz |
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Institution: | (1) Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey;(2) Institute of Plant Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany;(3) Transitional Region Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 17, Eskisehir, Turkey;(4) International Winter Cereals Research Centre, P.O. Box 32, Konya, Turkey |
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Abstract: | Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were carried out using seven bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), three durum wheat
(T. durum), two rye (Secale cereale), three barley (Hordeum vulgare), two triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and one oat
(Avena sativa) cultivars to study response to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilisation in nutrient solution and in a severely
Zn deficient calcareous soil. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrotic patches on leaf blades, developed
rapidly and severely in the durum wheat and oat cultivars. Bread wheat showed great genotypic differences in sensitivity to
Zn deficiency. In triticale and rye, visual deficiency symptoms were either absent or appeared only slightly, while barley
showed a moderate sensitivity. When grown in soil, average decreases in shoot dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were
15% for rye, 25% for triticale, 34% for barley, 42% for bread wheat, 63% for oat and 65% for durum wheat. Differential Zn
efficiency among and within cereal species was better related to the total amount of Zn per shoot, but not to the Zn concentration
in the shoot dry matter. However, in leaves of Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars, the activity of Zn-containing superoxide
dismutase was greater than in Zn inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars, suggesting higher amounts of physiologically
active Zn in leaf tissue of efficient genotypes. When grown in nutrient solution, there was a poor relationship between Zn
efficiency and release rate of Zn-chelating phytosiderophores from roots, but uptake of labelled Zn (65Zn) and its translocation to the shoot was higher in the Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars than in inefficient bread
and durum wheat cultivars. The results demonstrate that susceptibility of cereals to Zn deficiency decline in the order durum
wheat > oat > bread wheat > barley > triticale > rye. The results also show that expression of high Zn efficiency in cereals
was causally related to enhanced capability of genotypes to take up Zn from soils and use it efficiently in tissues.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. |
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Keywords: | cereals genotypical differences zinc deficiency zinc efficiency |
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