Decomposition of different organic materials in soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate organic C mineralization of various organic materials added to soils. A soil sample was mixed with organic material to approximate a field application of 9 g organic C kg^-1 soil (0.9% or 50 Mg ha^-1). The organic materials used were four crop residues corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], four animal manures chicken (Gallus domesticus), pig (Sus scrofa), horse (Equus caballus), and cow (Bos taurus)] and four sewage sludges Correctionville (Imhoff tank), Charles City (holding tank), Davenport (secondary digester), and Keokuk (primary digester)]. The soil-organic material mixture was incubated under aerobic conditions at room temperature (20±2°C) for 30 days. The CO₂ evolved was collected in standard KOH solution by continuously passing CO₂-free air over the soil. Results showed that, in general, the amounts of CO₂-C released mereased rapidly initially, but the pattern differed among the organic materials used. More than 50% of the total CO₂ produced in 30 days of incubation was evolved in the first 6 days. Expressed as percentages of organic C added, the amounts of CO₂ evolved ranged from 27% with corn to 58% with alfalfa. The corresponding percentages for animal manures ranged from 21 to 62% with horse and pig manures, respectively, and for sewage sludges they ranged from 10 to 39% for Charles City and Keokuk sludges. All CO₂ evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model. Potentially, readily mineralizable organic C values and first-order rate constants (k) of the organic matter-treated soils ranged from 1.422 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0784 day^-1 to 6.253 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0300 day^-1. The half-lives of the C remaining in soils ranged from 39 to 54 days for plant materials. The corresponding half-lives for the C remaining from animal manures and sewage sludges ranged from 37 to 169 days and from 39 to 330 days, respectively.