基于产量品质及水肥利用效率的三七水肥耦合方案优选

为了实现三七增产、提质和绿色生产，探究适宜的水肥耦合方案，以2年生三七为研究对象进行大田试验，设置3种灌水水平，分别为低水W1（0.5FC，FC为田间持水量）、中水W2（0.7FC）、高水W3（0.9FC）；4种施肥水平，全年施肥总量为1 440 kg/hm2，根据各个生育期设置不同的施肥比例，划分为F1（苗期∶花期∶果期∶根增重期=25%∶25%∶25%∶25%）、F2（25%∶30%∶25%∶20%）、F3（30%∶30%∶25%∶15%）和F4（40%∶20%∶30%∶10%），共12种处理，分析水肥及其耦合效应，对三七产量、品质、水分利用效率（Water Use Efficiency，WUE）和肥料偏生产力（Partial Factor Productivity of fertilizer，PFP）的影响，应用优劣解距离法（TOPSIS）法对三七皂苷含量进行综合品质评价，并运用综合评分法对各处理进行基于产量、品质、水肥利用效率的综合评价，探究三七生长与生产管理的综合最优处理。结果表明：水肥耦合对发病率影响最大，灌水对WUE影响最大，生育期不同比例施肥对产量和PFP影响最大；5种皂苷中，W2F4处理的三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re和人参皂苷Rd的积累量都显著（P＜0.05）高于其他处理，W2F4处理的三七皂苷R1含量最高，W1F4处理的人参皂苷Rb1含量最高；通过综合评分法求得最优处理为W2F4处理，发病率为12.97%、产量为2 976.42 kg/hm2、WUE为1.65 kg/m3、PFP为1.09 kg/kg；TOPSIS品质分析W2F4处理得分最高，为0.815。该研究结果可为三七合理水肥管理提供科学依据。

Coupling scheme optimization of Panax notoginseng considering yield, quality and water-fertilizer use efficiency

Excessive irrigation and fertilization in the traditional planting of Panaxnotoginseng have often caused the direct waste of water and fertilizer resources, high incidence of diseases, the decline in quality and yield, even environmental pollution. These also limit the sustainable development of Panaxnotoginseng planting in modern agriculture. In this study, an optimal coupling scheme of water and fertilizer was therefore proposed to realize green production of Panaxnotoginseng using yield, quality, and use efficiency. Three irrigation levels (low water W1:0.5 of field capacity, medium water W2:0.7 of field capacity, high water W3:0.9 of field capacity) and four fertilization levels (Annual fertilizer application was 1440kg/hm2. According to the different fertilization ratios in each breeding period, set as F1 (seedling period: flowering period: fruiting period: root weight gaining period= 25%: 25%: 25%: 25%), F2 (25%: 30%: 25%: 20%), F3 (30%: 30%: 25%: 15%) and F4 (40%: 20%: 30%: 10%) were set up with two-year-old Panaxnotoginseng as experiment materials in a field experiment. Each treatment was performed on two field blocks, each of which was about 15 m long and 2 m wide. The surface of the block was covered with 5mm thick pine needles, where the blocks were separated by plastic films buried underground to prevent the cross penetration of water and fertilizer. An analysis was made to clarify the effects of water and fertilizers, and their coupling effects on the yield, quality, and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Partial Factor Productivity of Fertilizer (PFP) of Panaxnotoginseng. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was also used to evaluate the comprehensive quality of saponins content. A scoring method was applied to evaluate the comprehensive performance in the growth and management model of each treatment. The results showed that the appropriate increases in the water stress and fertilizer during the seedling and fruit periods were beneficial to improve the yield, the content of notoginseng saponins, but reduce the incidence of disease. Nevertheless, the low-water treatment was not conducive to the yield, whereas, high-water treatment was not conducive to the quality of Panaxnotoginseng. More importantly, the greatest impact of irrigation presented on the WUE during the growth period, while the fertilization in different proportions performed the greatest impact on PFP. The effects of Panaxnotoginseng quality were ranked in the order of water and fertilizer coupling, moisture, as well as fertilizer. Additionally, the accumulation of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re and ginsenoside Rd treated with W2F4 were significantly higher than others among the five saponins. Specifically, the content of notoginsenoside R1 treated with W2F4 was the highest, while the content of ginsenoside Rb1 treated with W1F4 was the highest. In comprehensive scoring, the W2F4 treatment presented the highest comprehensive score, where the incidence rate was 12.97 %, the yield was 2 976.42 kg/hm2, WUE was 1.65 kg/m3, and PFP was 1.09 kg/kg. The W2F4 treatment also scored the highest of 0.815 in the TOPSIS quality analysis. Consequently, the optimal mode of coupling between variable fertilization at different growth stages and irrigation was achieved, where the irrigation level of 0.5 FC, the fertilization ratio in the seedling, flowering, fruiting, and root gaining period of 40%: 20%: 30%: 10%. The finding can provide a strong theoretical basis and technical reference for the formulation of irrigation and fertilization system during Panaxnotoginseng planting.