三江白猪超早期断奶仔猪饲养标准与饲料配方的研究

本试验通过36头剖腹产仔猪行超早期人工哺育,并通过饲养和代谢试验,研究了1—5,5—10,10—20kg 体重阶段的营养需要量和五个饲粮配方的价值。选用五头三江白猪母猪,分娩前行剖腹取胎,按无菌操作要求进行断脐,编号,打牙,称重,编组。仔猪生后2小时内饲以人工代用初乳,7日龄后喂以人工乳和诱食料,人工乳日喂12次,每2小时一次,15天后日喂6次,每4小时一次,20天后停喂人工液态乳,改换干颗粒料喂饲,日喂6次,饮水6次。期间单笼舍饲,舍温范围分期控制在34～25℃之间。5—10公斤体重阶段,比较了三个开食料配方。三组消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别为:Ⅰ组—3599.6仟卡/kg;24.33%,Ⅱ组—3572.9仟卡/kg;22.93%,Ⅲ组—3430仟卡/kg;23.61%。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ各配方中奶粉比例分别为30%,20%,10%。另外,第Ⅲ组的蛋白质来源豆饼比例较大。试验结果表明:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组本期日增重(0.398±0.037kg)、(0.312±0.029kg)比第Ⅲ组(0.303±0.014)快,P<0.05,差异显著。饲料效率Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(1.130,1.481),比Ⅲ组(1.854)高。每公斤增重消化能消耗:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(4.069兆卡)、(5.290兆卡)比Ⅲ组(5.682兆卡)低。消化代谢试验表明:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组平均日采食消化能(1668.4±7.960仟卡)、(1680.3±12.269仟卡),代谢能(Ⅰ616.4±12.25仟卡)、(1640.8±14.61仟卡)均比第Ⅲ组消化能(1624.3±13.69仟卡),代谢能(1580.4±16.80仟卡)多,P<0.05,差异显著。N 的消化率Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(85.2%,84.9%)高于第Ⅲ组(83.0%)。10—20公斤体重阶段,将动物分为二组,第Ⅰ组(24头)为10%奶粉组,第Ⅱ组(12头)为无奶粉组。10%奶粉饲粮含消化能3460.2仟卡/kg;和粗蛋白为23.61%,无奶粉组饲粮消化能为3419.9仟卡/kg 和粗蛋白17.49%。试验结果:10%奶粉组日增重为0.566±0.009kg,无奶粉组为0.472±0.014kg,P<0.05。饲料效率相应为1.733:1.969,以前者为优。组间能量消化量差异不显著,P>0.05。N 的消化率:Ⅰ组为83.02±0.891,Ⅱ组为81.53±1.803。沉积 N/食入 N 比例,第Ⅰ组为50.41±1.917,Ⅱ组为41.79±4.850,可消化蛋白质利用率,Ⅰ组(60.72±1.920)也显著高于第Ⅱ组(51.10±5 354),p<0.05。通过1—5kg,5—10kg,10—20kg 各期人工初乳,人工乳,开食料连续配合使用,构成1—60天的全期试验结果。试验猪全期增重速度较快。58—60天达到20.69±0.263kg,比常态母猪哺育仔猪(16.0:20.69kg)快20.8%,三组之中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组全期平均日增重0.338±0.005kg,0.327±0.015kg,赶上了 NRC 标准规定(0.300kg)速度。饲料消耗量低于 NRC 标准约10%,而饲料效率则高于标准规定值:第一期高4%,第二期高21.9%,第三期高12.6%。每公斤增重的能量消耗与标准比较,分别为:每一期4.67:4.425兆卡,第二期三组各为4.069,5.290,5.681:5.833兆卡,第三期5.202:6.740兆卡。蛋白质消耗也低于标准。此次超早期断奶人工哺育试验,达到了100%育成率,仔猪发育整齐,匀称,有活力并有较高增重速度、低消耗和高效率。上述结果也与此次试验采用瘦肉型猪种,在小规模范围内,高度集约化笼养,高床饲养,适温控制,饲料糖化,颗粒化,严格卫生,防疫等重要措施有关。

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND DIET FORMULATION FOR NEONATAL AND EARLY-WEANED PIGLETS

Thirty-six caesarotomized piglets were artificially reared on different dietsto study their nutrient requirements at 1—5,5—10 and 10—20 kg liveweights.They were taken from five sows gnotobiotically and fed artificial milk replacer12 times a day for the first 6 days,gradually changing to a prestarter meal diet.At 21 days,three pelleted starter diets were compared,lot 1 with 3599.6 kcal/kg,24.33% CP,lot 2 with 3572.9 kcal and 22.93% CP and lot 3 with 3430 kcal and23.61% CP,containing 30,20 or 10% milk powder respectively.During the prestarter phase,average daily gains for lots 1 & 2 were 0.398±0.037 and 0.312±0.029 kg,faster than lot 3(0.303±0.014),(P<0.05).Feedcon-(?)ersion ratios were 1.130,1.481 for lots 1 & 2 with lot 3(1.854)significanylt less efficient.In terms of digestible energy(DE),lots 1 & 2 required 4.069 and5.290 Mcal per kg liveweight gain,also lower than lot 3(5.682).Based on digestionand metabolism trials,lots 1,2 and 3 consumed 1668.4±7.69,1680.3±12.27 kcalDE and 1616.9±12.25 and 1640.8±14.61 kcal ME respectively,all significantlymore than lot 3(1624.3±13.69 kcal DE and 1580.4±16.80 kcal ME).Digestibilityof nitrogen for lots 1 & 2(85.2% and 84.9%)were also higher than lot 3(83.0%).During the starter phase(10—20 kg),pigs were alloted to two lots,lot 1with 24 pigs was fed a diet with 10% milk powder,lot2(12 pigs)with none.Diet 1 contained 3430.2 kcal DE and 23.61% CP,Diet 2 contained 3419.9 kcaland 17.49% CP.As a result,lot 1 grew at a daily rate of 0.566±0.009 kg,lot2 at 0.472±0.014 kg(P<0.05),with corresponding conversion ratios of 1.733 vs1.969.Difference in energy digestibility between lots was not significant(83.02±0.891 vs 81.53±1.803).Nitrogen retention rate as percentage of N intake were50.41±1.907 and 41.79±4.850 for lots 1 & 2,and N retained of that digestedwere 60.72±1.92 and 51.10±5.354 respectively(P<0.05).Throughout the milk replacer,prestarter and starter phases,artificially rearedpiglets averaged 20.69±0.268 kg in liveweight or about 20.8% heavier than natu-rally nursed weaners.Lots 1 and 2 grew at 0.338±0.005 and 0.327±0.015 kg/day,which surpassed that stipulated in the NRC(1979 edi.)requirement(0.300 kg).Feed conversion efficiency was 4% 21.9% and 12.6% higher than NRC for thethree consecutive phases.Protein consumption was also less.Survival rate for the entire period was 100% They were reared in cages inphase 1,on elevated pens in phase and on the floor in phase 3 at thermal neutraltemperatures with nutritionally balanced diets under strict sanitary and prophy-lactic conditions.