日本水稻生产的发展和新课题

在过去的125a的时间里，日本的水稻种植面积和产量发生了巨大的变化。结果显示，水稻耕作面积自1883年开始逐渐增加，二战前后一度有所减少，20世纪60年代后又有所增加，1969年达到史上最高峰，1970年后持续减少。而水稻产量呈现了不断递增的趋势，现在维持在900万如左右。20世纪70年代前后，由于人均稻米消费量的减少，优质食味水稻育种及栽培成为主导方向，仅越光、一见钟情、日之光、秋田小町4个品种就占水稻全部种植面积的66％。此外，随着大气变暖造成稻米品质的下降，耐高温品种的选育和栽培研究得到广泛开展，并取得了一定的成果。当前，除了水稻食味研究以外，正朝着饲料用、米粉用和生物能源用的“新型需要稻”和水稻节水等多方向发展。本文通过阐述日本水稻生产的发展和方向，对确立中国今后的水稻育种及栽培研究目标具有参考意义。

Development and New Researches on Rice Production in Japan

There were great changes for the rice planting area and production in the past 125 years in Japan.The results show that the rice farming area increased gradually from 1883 to the second world war,and decreased before or after W.W.Ⅱ,then it increased after 1960s,up to history’s highest peak in 1969,and continued to decrease from 1970.However,the rice yield shows constant increase trend,and now it maintains about 9 million t/a.Because of the rice consumption reduction at 1970s,the rice palatability breeding and cultivation became leading direction,only 4 varieties named as Koshihikari、Hitomebore、Hinohikari、 Akitakomachi account for 66% of the rice planting area.In addition,as atmospheric warming caused the decline of rice quality,high temperature resistant breeding and cultivation are researching more and more widely,and some results have been achieved.At present,except rice palatability research,"new types of needing rice" such as animal feeding,rice flour,biological energy use and rice water saving studies come into plan.It is expounded the development of Japanese rice production and research direction,and it will provide some references for establishing China’s future rice breeding and cultivation target.