SH6矮化中间砧富士苹果幼树至结果初期树冠结构、产量和品质的形成

【目的】研究高纺锤形SH6矮化中间砧富士苹果幼树至结果初期树体结构和产量的形成动态，为苹果矮砧树整形修剪和早果优质高效生产提供理论和应用依据。【方法】以2005年春季栽植的矮化中间砧富士（宫藤富士/SH6/八棱海棠）苹果为试材，2006—2011年连续6年调查树体生长、枝类组成和果实产量品质的变化。【结果】4年生前，树体高度和干周粗度增加迅速，第4年树高和覆盖率分别为3.05 m和33.64%；第2—7年间总枝量随树龄的增长而增加，4年和6年生平均枝条总量分别为26.54×104条/hm2和45.74×104条/hm2；优质短枝以种植后第3和4年间增加最多，随着树龄的增长和结果，不同类型枝条的数量发生变化，30 cm以上的长枝数量逐渐减少；优质短枝比例第2—4年间随树龄增长而增加，第4年后其比例稳定在30%以上，而30—60 cm长枝的比例降至10%以下；种植后第3年结果，第4—6年的产量分别为10.8、22.9 和39.6 t•hm-2；第7年时树冠果实平均单果质量为299.79 g，着色面积达97.56%，可溶性固形物含量为14.60%。【结论】4年生前树冠总枝量少、覆盖率低是导致早期产量低的主要因素；通过增加栽植密度和改进修剪方法（多留枝）等使第4年的树体高度达到3 m以上、覆盖率60%、总枝量50×104—80×104条/hm2、优质短枝比例稳定在30%—35%，大于30 cm的长枝比例为5%—10%是高纺锤形矮砧富士苹果早果优质丰产的关键技术措施。

Formation of Canopy Structure, Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ Apple with SH6 Dwarf Interstock from Juvenility to Fruiting Early Stage

【Objective】 The goal of this study was to survey the developments of canopy structure, yield, and fruit quality in ‘Tall Spindle’ shaped ‘Fuji’ apple with SH6 dwarf interstock from juvenility to fruiting early stage and to provide research data for growers in making proper training and pruning, precocity and productivity in high density apple planting systems. 【Method】 The ‘Fuji’ apple with SH6 dwarf interstock planted in spring 2005 was used to investigate the dynamic changes of tree growth, number and proportion of different branch lengths, yields, and fruit qualities from 2006 to 2011. 【Result】The tree height and trunk circumference were increased rapidly before third year, and the tree height and rate of canopy coverage were 3.05 m and 33.64%, respectively, in fourth year. The total amount of branch was increased along with growth of tree age during the second year to seventh year, and they were 265.4 and 457.4 thousands per hectare in fourth year and sixth year. The amount of good spur and branch in length greater than 30 centimeters were increased and decreased rapidly, separately, in third year and fourth year, the proportion of good spur and branch in length of 30-60 centimeters were balanced more than 30% and less than 10% after foufh year. The yields were 10.8, 22.9 and 39.6 t per hectare, respectively, in fourth, fifth and sixth year. The fruit mass, percentage of fruit surface with red color, and soluble solid content were 299.79 g, 97.56% and 14.60%, respectively, in seventh year. 【Conclusion】The primary factors of low yield that were the total amount of branch and rate of canopy coverage were insufficiency before the fourth growth season. The key technical measures for precocity, high yield and good quality of ‘Fuji’ apple with dwarf rootstock in tall spindle are that the tree height, rate of canopy coverage, total amount of branch, proportion of good spur, and proportion of long branch no less than 30 centimeters are more than 3.0m, 60%, 500-800 thousands per hectare, 30%-35%, and 5%-10% by increasing planting densities and improving pruning at the end of the third year or fourth year.