Emergence and frequency of highly benzimidazole-resistant Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, pathogen of Japanese pear anthracnose, after discontinued use of benzimidazole

From July to October 1999, two Japanese pear varieties, Housui and Niitaka, were unexpectedly infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in Saga Prefecture of Japan. More than 90?% of the anthracnose fungus strains collected in 1999 were highly benzimidazole-resistant and distributed at high frequencies across pear-producing areas. The control of anthracnose by benzimidazole fungicides could not be confirmed in orchards where the isolation frequency of resistant strains was high. The frequency of resistant strains did not significantly decline, even 2?C5?years after the last use of benzimidazole fungicides.