缓/控释氮肥对主要粮食作物及环境影响研究进展

本文围绕着近年来缓/控 释氮肥在主要粮食作物（小麦、玉米）上的应用展开综述。从小麦和玉米适用的缓/控 释氮肥类型、缓/控 释氮肥对作物产量和肥料利用率、氮养分平衡的影响、氮损失途径以及缓/控 释氮肥应用前景等方面进行分析，较全面的总结了施用缓/控释氮肥对小麦、玉米作物及土壤环境的影响，并对未来粮食生产的可能影响进行剖析。分析发现不同类型缓/控 释氮肥能不同程度提高小麦和玉米产量或保证稳产；合理施用缓/控 释氮肥能够提高氮肥料利用率、降低土壤氮素累积、减少氮素损失；提高土壤微生物量和酶的活性；减少温室气体排放及降低地下水体的硝酸盐污染。但施用缓/控 释氮肥对根际养分研究相对较少及存在施用方式的不合理性。建立科学合理的简化施肥技术体系，对缓/控 释肥的应用和推广具有重要意义。

Research Advances in Effects of Slow/Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Major Food Crop and Environment

This paper focused on the effects of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers on the major food crops （wheat, corn） based on years of experiments. The effects on crop yield, fertilizer use efficiency, the physieoehemical properties of soil, tillage as well as environmental effects for the slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers was summarized. In addition, this paper summarized the impact of application slow/ controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on maize and wheat, soil environment and the impacting in future productivity. It found that different types of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers not only could improve wheat and corn productivity, and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency hut also could reduce soil nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen losses. In addition, the application of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers could enhance soil biomass and enzyme activities, and reduce greenhouse gas emission and the pollution of soil and underground water. The existing problems of production costs application, effect evaluation system and market share of slow/controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers were discussed. According to the deficiency of current situation, the corresponding prospects were put forward.