Low-Dose Insemination in Pigs: Problems and Possibilities |
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Authors: | JM Vazquez,J Roca,MA Gil,C Cuello,I Parrilla,I Caballero,JL Vazquez, EA Martí nez |
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Affiliation: | Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain |
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Abstract: | Low-dose AI procedures are required by the pig industry to efficiently utilize emerging sperm technologies, such as cryopreservation and sex-sorting. Currently, several different procedures for inseminating with a low or very low number of spermatozoa have been described. Deep intrauterine insemination allows the deposition of the spermatozoa in the depth of the uterine horn, allowing a significant reduction in the number of spermatozoa inseminated with maintenance of optimal reproductive performance. Intra-oviductal laparoscopic insemination has been recently applied in pigs. This technique has proved to be applicable with diluted and sex-sorted spermatozoa. This review discusses several problems encountered during the development of deep intrauterine insemination and intra-oviductal laparoscopic insemination of pigs and provides potential solutions for the practical application of both the technologies. |
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