施用炭基缓释肥对花生光合功能的影响

【目的】 本研究旨在通过田间定位试验，开展不同用量生物炭及炭基缓释肥对花生关键生育时期功能叶荧光动力学影响研究，探明不同条件下叶片光系统变化规律，以期为新型肥料增产机理及研制开发提供理论依据。 【方法】 定位试验始于 2011 年，试验设 5 个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施生物炭 (C15 和 C50)、氮磷钾配施 (NPK)、炭基缓释肥 (TJHS)。C15 和 TJHS 为等碳量，NPK 和 TJHS 为等氮磷钾养分。于 2013 年花生开花下针期采集功能叶片，利用 MPEA-2 型植物效率仪进行荧光动力学曲线、光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ性能测定。 【结果】 施用炭基缓释肥引起花生叶片 OJIP 曲线中K、J 和 I 点的荧光强度降低，其中 J 点降幅最大。炭基缓释肥对提高花生功能叶电子由 Q_A 传递到 Q_B 概率的效果要好于等碳量处理，ψ_o 值增加了 6.56%；与等养分处理效果相当。炭基缓释肥对提高花生功能叶以吸收光能为基础的性能指数的效果好于等碳量或等养分处理，PI_ABS 值分别提高了 12.27%、17.62%。炭基缓释肥对降低功能叶叶绿素可变荧光 F_j 占 F_o-F_p 振幅比例 (Vj) 效果要好于等碳量或等养分处理，Vj 值分别降低了 10.26%、5.41%。炭基缓释肥对降低功能叶叶绿素可变荧光 F_k 占 F_o-F_p 振幅比例 (W_k) 效果与等碳量投入或等养分投入条件下无明显差异。施用炭基缓释肥对花生叶片光合系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ) 指标也具有明显影响，花生功能叶片 820 nm 相对吸收值 (I_t) 呈“V”型变化，且 ΔI_t 值变化较为平稳，处于逐步上升趋势；炭基缓释肥对花生功能叶的最大氧化还原活性作用要好于氮磷钾配施，ΔI/I_o 提升了 4.30%。 【结论】 施用炭基缓释肥可以引起花生营养生长阶段叶片荧光诱导曲线显著变化，具有提高叶片光合性能作用，尤其在电子传递和光能吸收方面优于生物炭或氮、磷、钾配施。

Effects of biochar-based slow-release fertilizer on photosynthetic characters of peanut functional leaves

[Objectives] This study aimed to study effects of different dosages of biological carbon and carbon based slow release fertilizers on fluorescence dynamics of functional leaves of peanut at the key growth stages in a field location experiment,investigate variation of the blade light system under different conditions,and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new fertilizer production.[Methods] The location experiment started in 2011.There were 5 treatments,no fertilization (CK),single apply biological carbon (C15 and C50),combined application of N,P and K (NPK),and biochar-based slow-release fertilizer(TJHS).The C15 and TJHS had equivalent carbon content,and the NPK and TJHS had equal nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients.In 2013 the peanut leaves were collected at the function period of flowering,fluorescence kinetics curves,performance of optical system Ⅰ and optical system Ⅱ were measured using an MPEA-2 type plant efficiency instrument.[Results] The results showed that the application of the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer can reduce the K,J and I points of OJIP fluorescence induction curves.The probability of a trapped exciton move from the electron transport chain beyond QA (Ψo) to the QB under the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer was significantly higher than that under the same level of carbon input,and the Ψo was increased by 6.56％,which equaled to the same level of nutrient treatment effect.The performance index of absorption basis (PIABS) under the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer was also significantly higher than those under the same level of carbon input or the same level of nutrient treatment effect,and the PIABs values were increased by 12.27％ and 17.62％,respectively.The leaf chlorophyll variable fluorescence Fj accounted for Fo-Fp amplitude ratio (Vj) under the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer was better than those of the same level of carbon input or the same level of nutrient treatment effect,and the Vj values were decreased by 10.26％ and 5.41％,respectively.The leaf chlorophyll variable fluorescence Fk accounted for Fo-Fp amplitude ratio (Wk) under the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer was same as those of the same level of carbon input or the same level of nutrient treatment effect.Under the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer the index of leaf photosynthesis system had obvious influence,the relative absorption value of 820nm in peanut leaves was "V" type,and △It value change was relatively stable,in a gradual upward trend.The maximum redox activity of PS Ⅰ under the biochar-based slow-release fertilizer was higher than the same level of nutrient treatment effect,and △I/Io was increased by 4.30％.[Conclusions] Application of biochar-based slow-release fertilizer could cause significant changes in the fluorescence induction curve of peanut leaves in vegetative growth stage,and improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves,especially in the electron transfer and energy absorption,which was better than those of biological carbon or combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.