Wolf (Canis lupus) Predation Impacts on Livestock Production: Direct Effects,Indirect Effects,and Implications for Compensation Ratios |
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| Authors: | Jordan R Steele Benjamin S Rashford Thomas K Foulke John A Tanaka David T Taylor |
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| Institution: | 1. Research Assistant, Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;2. Associate Professor, Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;3. Senior Research Scientist, Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;5. Professor, Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;4. Professor, Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.;1. Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;2. Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;3. Professor, Department of Statistics, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;4. Professor, and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;5. Professor, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.;6. Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;1. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;2. Arid Lands Resource Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;3. School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;1. Utah State University, Wildland Resources Department, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5230, USA;1. Laboratorio de Conservación Biológica, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile;3. Asociación Kauyeken, Santiago & Isla Riesco, Chile;4. Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Santiago, Chile;1. Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;2. Extension Range Team, University of Wyoming, Thermopolis, WY 82443, USA |
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| Abstract: | Growing wolf (Canis lupus L.) populations in the US Rocky Mountain Region have increased conflicts between livestock production and wolf conservation. Given that the costs of large carnivore conservation are disproportionately borne by local livestock producers, the United States uses compensation for wolf damage to reduce conflicts and mediate negative attitudes toward the predators. Current compensation programs, however, only consider the direct effects of wolf predation. Indirect effects, such as wolf effects on weaning weights, and conception rates, may also reduce profitability. By not including indirect wolf effects, compensation programs may systematically undercompensate ranchers. We use a stochastic budget model of a representative cow–calf ranch in northwest Wyoming to estimate the economic impact of both direct (death loss and injured calves) and indirect effects (decreased weaning weights, decreased conception rates, and increased cattle sickness) of wolf predation. Our results suggest that short-run (i.e., year-to-year) financial impacts of wolf indirect effects may be as large as or larger than the direct effects. Including indirect effects implies that the compensation ratio (i.e., number of calves compensated per confirmed depredation) necessary to fully offset the financial impacts of wolves would need to be two to three times larger than current 7:1 compensation ratio used in Wyoming. |
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