中国棉花主栽品种棉子营养品质及播种品质研究

为了明确中国棉花主栽品种营养品质及播种品质的状况,揭示中国当前的棉花育种现状,为合理利用棉副产品及棉花特定目标育种提供参考。对当前中国三大主产棉区的142份棉花主栽品种棉子的营养品质性状(蛋白质、油分含量)、播种品质性状(发芽率)及3个物理性状(子指、仁指和仁子比)进行检测分析。结果表明:当前主栽棉花品种的营养品质非常接近,油分含量集中于27.1%~33.0%,棉子的蛋白质含量集中区域为41.0%~45.0%,高油和高蛋白含量的棉花品种较少;蛋白质和油分总量变异较小,且两者呈高度负相关关系。棉种播种质量的4个必检项水分、净度、发芽率及纯度的平均值分别9.6%、100.0%、87.8%和97.1%,在连续3年的监督抽查中水分和净度的合格率均为100%,不合格项主要出现在纯度及发芽率上。研究结果较真实地反映了棉籽营养品质性状与播种品质的现状,适时开展棉花多目标育种十分必要,但对油分与蛋白质含量进行同步改良的难度较大。

Nutritional Quality and Sowing Quality of Cottonseed of Major Cotton Cultivars in China

The paper aims to clarify the situation of nutritional and sowing quality of Chinese major cotton cultivars, reveal current status of cotton breeding in China, and guide rational use of cotton by-products and specific target breeding. The characters of seed nutritional quality (protein, oil content), sowing quality (germination rate) and three physical characters (seed index, kernel index and kernel index/seed index ) of 142 major cultivars from three main cotton regions were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the seed nutritional quality of current major cultivars was very close. The oil content and protein content were separately concentrated in the ranges of 27.1%-33.0% and 41.0%-45.0%; the cotton cultivars with high oil content and high protein content were few; the variation of protein content and oil content was slight and they showed significantly and negatively correlation. The average value of four necessary- inspection items (moisture content, purity, percentage germination and varietal purity) was 9.6% , 100.0% , 87.8% and 97.1% , respectively. The qualified rate of moisture content and purity reached 100% in supervision and random checking for three consecutive years, the unqualified items were mainly in varietal purity and germination percentage. The results truly reflected the current situation of nutritional and sowing quality of cotton seeds, therefore, it was very necessary to carry out the multi-target breeding of cotton, but it was still a tough task to simultaneously improve the seed oil content and protein content.