Effects of formalin chemotherapeutic treatments on biofilter efficiency in a marine recirculating fish farming system |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA;2. Council for Geoscience, Private Bag x112, Silverton, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;1. BioMar A/S, Mylius Erichsensvej 35, DK -7330 Brande, Denmark;2. Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Center, P.O. Box 101, DK -9850 Hirtshals, Denmark;1. Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK;2. Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK;3. Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, AL9 7TA, UK |
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| Abstract: | Formalin (a 33–38% aqueous formaldehyde solution) is currently used for bath treatments to control ectoparasitic infections of fish. Its effects on nitrification were evaluated in a semi-closed pilot scale saltwater recirculating turbot culture system. Tested treatments included 1 h static exposure to 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 90 mg l−1 formaldehyde without flushing, and long-term (i.e., 2, 4 and 6 h) exposures with constant 60 mg l−1 formaldehyde in a recirculating system. Formaldehyde has no apparent effect on the ammonia oxidative bacterial community. However, a significant effect on nitrite oxidation was observed in 1 h static exposures of concentrations higher than 40 mg l−1, and in recirculating system exposures of 60 mg l−1 formaldehyde for more than 4 h. Repeated treatments may be hazardous for nitrifying bacteria, which could induce an increase in nitrite concentration. Nitrite concentrations should be monitored when treatments are repeated or when they last a long time in recirculating aquaculture systems. |
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