印度林业发展道路及经验

印度是个千年古国,在发展林业方面有着独到之处。几百年来印度林业经历了森林破坏阶段、巩固和保护阶段、开发和扩大阶段、集约经营阶段和生态林业阶段。作者对于印度发展社会林业、森林发展公司,以及缓解薪炭材危机所采取的对策作了重点介绍,同时还指出了存在的问题和采取的措施。

The Way of Forestry Development in India and Its Development Experiences

As one of the countries on managing forest scientifically in Asia,India has originality on forestry development. In the past several centuries,Indian forestry has gone through 5 different developing stages: stage of destroying forests (from the period of colony to the period of independence),stage of consolidating and protecting forests (1951-1961), stage of exploiting and enlarging forests (1961-1972), stage of intensively managing forests (1972-1984) and stage of ecological forestry (1984- ). Thereare development emphasises in each stage, and the government has implemented all the forestry tasks in each stage by Five-Year Plan. India attaches great importance to forestry and has arranged forestry on the second position in its national economic development plan,so that, forestry in India is develping rapidly. Since 1973, the government has laid stress on social forestry project and regarded it as one of the major tasks in Five-Year Plan. India has carried out social forestry in various ways-for many years, and has bacome a model of forestry development for cleveloping countries as its experiences and achievements in social forestry India fijways pays great attention to afforestation, and has devided forestry into production forestry and social forestry, so that forestry develops comprehensively in India. Forest Development Companies have been established since 1972, and they have become composite enterprises involving silviculture, felling and processing. About 5.84 million hectares of man-made forests were established and 6 432 million Rs. (367.6 M.US dollars) were invested in 1951-1985 in India. Indian government promulgated the new "National Forest Polipy" on December 7/1988, and India has entered a new stage of development in its forestry thereafter. As the government takes forestry seriously, the central finance invests are more heavier year by year. Indian forestry sector will gain 70000 million Rs. of investment during Seventh Five-Year Plan. However, there are many issues in Indian forestry. forest resources have been damaged seriously; and clearcutting for agricultural lands is, the major cause of deforestation in India these years; over-population threatens forest resources gravely which has resulted in illegal felling, shifting cultivation,over-gathering of. firewood,over-grazing, irrigation projects, constructing industry and. cities, building highways and railways are the important reasons of deforestation as well. In addition,"firewood crisis" has hindered forestry development critically in India. In recent years, the government has regarded developing fuel wood plantations as the most urgent strategical work. Eliminating poverty is the most important target of the government,and policies and measures for the development of tribe and poor farmers in and around forest areas.have been formulated.